Артикли в английском: a, an, the и нулевой артикль

Правила a / an

"a + consonant sound"

Use "a" before words that begin with a consonant sound

"She bought a car. He wants a university degree."

Правила a / an

"an + vowel sound"

Use "an" before words that begin with a vowel sound

"It was an honest mistake. He is an NBA player."

Правила a / an

"a European / a union"

"e" sounds like "y" here — a consonant sound — so use "a"

"She is a European citizen. It was a unique opportunity."

Правила a / an

"an hour / an heir"

Silent "h" creates a vowel sound, so use "an"

"Wait an hour. He is an heir to the fortune."

Правила a / an

"a one-way street"

"one" begins with the consonant "w" sound

"Take a one-way street. It was a once-in-a-lifetime chance."

Правила a / an

"a / an for first mention"

Introduce a countable singular noun for the first time

"I saw a dog in the park. The dog was barking loudly."

Правила a / an

"a / an meaning "one""

"A" can mean one single item in a group

"Could I have a glass of water? I need a minute."

Правила a / an

"a / an with jobs"

Use "a / an" to describe someone's profession

"She is a doctor. He wants to be an engineer."

Правила the

"the — second mention"

Use "the" when the noun has already been introduced

"I bought a book. The book was excellent."

Правила the

"the — unique things"

Use "the" for things that are one of a kind

"The sun rises in the east. The president spoke today."

Правила the

"the — superlatives"

"The" always precedes superlative adjectives

"She is the tallest in her class. It was the best film I've seen."

Правила the

"the — ordinal numbers"

Use "the" before ordinals like first, second, third

"He finished in the third place. She won the first prize."

Правила the

"the — geographic features"

Oceans, rivers, mountain ranges, and deserts take "the"

"The Amazon flows through Brazil. The Alps are stunning."

Правила the

"the — with of-phrases"

"The" is used when a noun is followed by a defining of-phrase

"The capital of France is Paris. The idea of the century."

Правила the

"the — inventions and instruments"

Use "the" when referring to an invention or musical instrument in general

"The telephone changed communication. She plays the violin."

Правила the

"the — shared knowledge"

Use "the" when both speaker and listener know which one is meant

"Can you close the window? I'll meet you at the station."

Нулевой артикль

"no article — plural generics"

No article when making a general statement about all things of a type

"Dogs are loyal animals. Books expand your mind."

Нулевой артикль

"no article — uncountable generics"

Uncountable nouns used in a general sense take no article

"Water is essential for life. Music soothes the soul."

Нулевой артикль

"no article — meals"

Names of meals used generically take no article

"What did you have for breakfast? We skipped lunch."

Нулевой артикль

"no article — languages"

Language names alone take no article

"She speaks Japanese. He is learning Arabic."

Нулевой артикль

"no article — sports & games"

Names of sports and games take no article

"They play football every Sunday. She loves chess."

Нулевой артикль

"no article — most countries & cities"

Singular country and city names generally take no article

"He lives in Japan. They visited Rome last year."

Нулевой артикль

"no article — academic subjects"

Subjects studied at school or university take no article

"She is studying mathematics. He failed chemistry."

Нулевой артикль

"no article — transport phrases"

"By" + transport takes no article

"They travelled by train. She goes to work by bike."

Типичные ошибки

"*I have headache."

Countable singular nouns need an article

"Correct: I have a headache. She has a temperature."

Типичные ошибки

"*She is best student."

Superlatives require "the"

"Correct: She is the best student in the class."

Типичные ошибки

"*The life is short."

Abstract nouns used generically take no article

"Correct: Life is short. Love is powerful."

Типичные ошибки

"*I go to the school."

"School/hospital/prison" with no article = purpose, not place

"Correct: She goes to school. (She is a student.) / The school was renovated."

Типичные ошибки

"*He plays the football."

Sports names take no article

"Correct: He plays football. They enjoy tennis."

Типичные ошибки

"*She told me a good news."

"News" is uncountable — never use "a/an"

"Correct: She told me some good news. The news was surprising."

Типичные ошибки

"*I visited the France."

Most country names take no article

"Correct: I visited France. He lives in Germany."

Типичные ошибки

"*Can I have an advice?"

"Advice" is uncountable — never use "a/an"

"Correct: Can I have some advice? She gave me useful advice."

Существительные и артикли

"countable singular → a / an"

A singular countable noun always needs an article (or other determiner)

"Give me a pen. I need an umbrella. He wants a raise."

Существительные и артикли

"countable plural → the / ∅"

Plural countable nouns use "the" for specific reference, or no article for general

"The books on the table are mine. Books are knowledge."

Существительные и артикли

"uncountable → the / ∅"

Uncountable nouns use "the" for specific reference, or no article for general

"The water in this glass is cold. Water is essential."

Существительные и артикли

"proper nouns → mostly ∅"

Names of people, cities, and most countries take no article

"Einstein changed physics. Paris is beautiful. Spain is sunny."

Существительные и артикли

"abstract nouns → usually ∅"

Abstract nouns in a general sense need no article

"Happiness is contagious. Freedom matters. Hope sustains us."

Существительные и артикли

"the + plural country name"

Countries with plural names or "united / republic / kingdom" take "the"

"The United States, the Netherlands, the Philippines."

Существительные и артикли

"a / the + adjective + noun"

Articles come before the adjective, not the noun

"She wore a beautiful dress. He drove the old car."

Существительные и артикли

"no article — "go to bed / work / hospital""

Fixed phrases about activities or institutions omit articles

"She went to bed early. He is in hospital. We go to work."

Сложные случаи

"the — with adjectives as nouns"

"The" + adjective can refer to a group of people

"The elderly need more support. The rich get richer."

Сложные случаи

"a / an — with uncountables"

"A/an" with uncountables signals a portion or type

"Would you like a coffee? (a cup) That was a kindness she would never forget."

Сложные случаи

"the — with decades"

"The" is used before decade names

"Music was different in the 1980s. She grew up in the sixties."

Сложные случаи

"a / an — exclamations with "what""

"What a/an + singular noun" in exclamations

"What a coincidence! What an incredible performance!"

Сложные случаи

"the — with comparative constructions"

"The more… the more…" uses "the" in a parallel structure

"The harder you work, the luckier you get."

Сложные случаи

"a — distributive use"

"A/an" expresses rate or distribution

"She earns £50 a day. He visits twice a week."

Сложные случаи

"the — with named groups"

"The" with nationality adjectives refers to the whole nation

"The Japanese are known for punctuality. The French love cuisine."

Сложные случаи

"a / an — first vs. the — category"

"A/an" classifies; "the" identifies a specific one

"A whale is a mammal. (class) / The whale we saw was huge. (specific)"