Продвинутый английский для стоматологии: клиническая и специализированная лексика

"osseointegration"

The direct structural and functional connection between ordered, living bone tissue and the surface of a load-bearing implant, confirmed radiographically and clinically by the absence of mobility

"After six months of healing, the radiograph confirmed osseointegration of the titanium implant, with no radiolucency visible at the bone-implant interface."

"implant torque value"

The rotational force, measured in Newton-centimetres, applied to seat a dental implant into its osteotomy site, used to gauge primary stability

"The surgeon achieved an implant torque value of 35 Ncm, indicating sufficient primary stability to proceed with an immediate provisional restoration."

"bone-level implant"

An implant design in which the implant-abutment connection is positioned at the crestal bone level, allowing flexible prosthetic emergence profile customisation

"The clinician selected a bone-level implant to gain maximum flexibility in designing the emergence profile of the all-ceramic crown."

"tissue-level implant"

An implant design in which a smooth transmucosal collar penetrates the gingival tissue, placing the implant-abutment junction at the soft tissue level rather than at bone

"Because the patient had thin biotype mucosa, the tissue-level implant was preferred to reduce the risk of marginal bone remodelling."

"implant stability quotient"

A dimensionless value from 1 to 100 generated by resonance frequency analysis devices to quantify the mechanical stability of a dental implant at any healing stage

"The resonance frequency analyser recorded an implant stability quotient of 72 at second-stage surgery, indicating excellent secondary stability before loading."

"guided bone regeneration"

A surgical procedure that uses barrier membranes, with or without bone grafting materials, to exclude non-osteogenic cells and allow bone-forming cells to repopulate a defect

"Guided bone regeneration using a resorbable collagen membrane and particulate xenograft successfully augmented the dehiscence defect before implant placement."

"platform switching"

A prosthetic concept in which an abutment with a smaller diameter than the implant platform is used, shifting the stress concentration point away from the crestal bone

"The use of platform switching was associated with reduced marginal bone loss at the one-year follow-up compared to conventional matched-diameter abutments."

"immediate implant placement"

The surgical protocol in which a dental implant is inserted into a fresh extraction socket at the same appointment as tooth removal, reducing total treatment time

"Immediate implant placement in the upper central incisor socket was possible because the buccal plate was intact and the apex of the socket extended two millimetres beyond the planned implant tip."

"intraoral scanner"

A handheld optical device that captures a three-dimensional digital impression of the dentition and soft tissues, eliminating the need for conventional polyvinyl siloxane impressions

"The intraoral scanner generated a highly accurate STL file of the prepared tooth within two minutes, which was immediately forwarded to the milling unit for crown fabrication."

"CAD/CAM workflow"

A digital fabrication process involving computer-aided design of a restoration and computer-aided manufacturing — typically via subtractive milling or additive printing — from a ceramic or composite block

"The fully digital CAD/CAM workflow allowed the patient to receive a milled lithium disilicate inlay in a single appointment without temporisation."

"virtual articulator"

Software that simulates the jaw movement dynamics of a physical articulator, allowing the technician or clinician to analyse occlusion and adjust restorations digitally before manufacturing

"By mounting the digital models in the virtual articulator with the patient's condylar settings, the technician identified and corrected a premature contact before milling the bridge."

"digital smile design"

A pre-treatment planning methodology that uses photographs and digital tools to visualise proposed aesthetic outcomes and communicate them to the patient before any preparation is undertaken

"Digital smile design allowed the patient to preview the proposed gingival levels and tooth proportions on a screen, and to request modifications, prior to any enamel reduction."

"cone beam computed tomography"

A three-dimensional radiographic imaging technique that produces volumetric data of the maxillofacial region using a cone-shaped X-ray beam, used for implant planning, endodontic assessment, and airway analysis

"Cone beam computed tomography revealed an accessory canal in the mesiobuccal root that had not been visible on the periapical radiograph."

"occlusal splint design"

The digital or analogue process of designing a hard or soft appliance that covers the occlusal surfaces of the dentition to redistribute bite forces and protect restorations or teeth

"The clinician used the patient's digital scan to design a hard acrylic occlusal splint with bilateral balanced occlusion for bruxism management."

"guided implant surgery"

A protocol in which a surgical template produced from digital planning software and CBCT data is used to direct implant drills and osteotomy preparation to a pre-planned three-dimensional position

"Guided implant surgery with a tooth-supported stent placed the implants within 0.5 mm of the planned position, enabling immediate loading with a pre-fabricated provisional bridge."

"digital denture"

A complete or partial removable prosthesis designed using CAD software and milled or printed from a dental polymer, offering improved accuracy and simplified reline procedures

"The edentulous patient's first digital denture was milled from a pre-polymerised acrylic disc and required only minor adjustments at delivery."

"mucoperiosteal flap"

A full-thickness soft tissue flap that includes both the mucosal epithelium and the underlying periosteum, reflected from bone to gain surgical access

"A trapezoidal mucoperiosteal flap was elevated around the impacted third molar to expose the alveolar bone overlying the crown."

"alveoloplasty"

Surgical reshaping and smoothing of the alveolar ridge bone after tooth extraction to create a favourable contour for prosthetic construction or healing

"Following multiple extractions in preparation for a complete denture, alveoloplasty was performed to eliminate sharp bony prominences that would have caused discomfort under the denture base."

"pericoronitis"

An infection and inflammatory condition affecting the soft tissue operculum partially covering an incompletely erupted tooth, most commonly a mandibular third molar

"The patient presented with trismus and a foul taste, consistent with pericoronitis around the partially erupted lower-right wisdom tooth."

"dry socket"

A painful post-extraction complication, also known as alveolar osteitis, in which the blood clot is lost or fails to form properly, leaving the bone walls of the socket exposed

"The patient returned on day four complaining of throbbing pain radiating to the ear, and irrigation with saline confirmed a dry socket with visible bone."

"coronectomy"

An intentional surgical procedure in which only the crown of an impacted lower third molar is removed while the roots are left in situ to avoid injuring the inferior alveolar nerve

"Because the panoramic radiograph showed close proximity of the third molar roots to the inferior alveolar canal, a coronectomy was performed as an alternative to full extraction."

"sequestrectomy"

Surgical removal of a sequestrum — a fragment of necrotic bone that has separated from the surrounding viable bone

"Sequestrectomy was carried out to remove the exposed fragment of necrotic jaw bone that had developed following bisphosphonate therapy."

"inferior alveolar nerve block"

A regional anaesthetic technique that deposits local anaesthetic solution near the mandibular foramen to achieve profound anaesthesia of the lower teeth, buccal mucosa, and chin on the injected side

"The inferior alveolar nerve block failed to achieve full anaesthesia of the inflamed lower molar, and supplemental intraligamentary injection was required."

"sinus lift procedure"

A bone augmentation surgery in which the Schneiderian membrane of the maxillary sinus is elevated and the resulting space is grafted with bone substitute material to create adequate bone height for implant placement

"A lateral window sinus lift procedure added eight millimetres of grafted bone height to the posterior maxilla, enabling placement of standard-length implants six months later."

"cephalometric analysis"

The measurement and angular or linear analysis of bony and soft tissue landmarks on a lateral skull radiograph to evaluate skeletal relationships, tooth positions, and facial growth patterns

"Cephalometric analysis revealed a skeletal Class III relationship with an ANB angle of minus two degrees, indicating surgical correction would be needed for an optimal outcome."

"torque"

In orthodontics, the labiolingual or buccolingual root movement achieved by applying a force couple to the bracket-archwire interface to alter the axial inclination of a tooth

"The clinician increased torque on the upper incisor bracket to ensure the crown was fully upright and the root apex was positioned within the cortical plate of bone."

"transpalatal arch"

A passive or active fixed orthodontic appliance that connects the upper first molars across the palate to maintain or modify arch width and control molar rotation and torque

"A transpalatal arch was cemented to prevent mesial rotation of the upper first molars during space closure following premolar extraction."

"skeletal anchorage"

The use of temporary anchorage devices — mini-screws, mini-plates, or palatal implants — inserted into bone to provide a fixed point against which orthodontic forces can be applied without unwanted movement of anchor teeth

"Skeletal anchorage with two palatal mini-screws allowed retraction of the upper anterior segment without any loss of posterior anchorage."

"aligner therapy"

A removable orthodontic treatment modality using a series of sequentially fabricated clear polymer trays to produce programmed incremental tooth movements through controlled engagement of tooth attachments

"Aligner therapy with forty-eight sequential trays successfully aligned the crowding and achieved the planned sagittal correction over eighteen months."

"arch coordination"

The process of ensuring that the upper and lower dental arches are in harmonious transverse width relationship so that posterior teeth occlude in a proper buccal cusp-to-central fossa relationship at treatment completion

"Arch coordination was addressed by expanding the constricted upper arch with a quad helix before beginning comprehensive fixed appliance treatment."

"Class II elastics"

Orthodontic elastic bands worn between the upper canine or first premolar region and the lower first molar to apply a forward force on the lower arch and a distalising force on the upper arch, correcting a Class II molar and canine relationship

"The patient was instructed to wear Class II elastics full time except when eating, and the molar relationship corrected to Class I within three months."

"functional appliance"

A removable or fixed orthodontic device that harnesses the forces of the orofacial musculature to redirect jaw growth and modify the relationship between the upper and lower jaws in growing patients

"A twin block functional appliance was fitted for the twelve-year-old patient to advance the mandible and improve the skeletal Class II discrepancy during the pubertal growth spurt."

"working length determination"

The process of establishing the precise distance from a reference point on the tooth crown to the position at which root canal preparation and obturation should terminate, typically measured with an apex locator and confirmed radiographically

"Electronic apex locator readings and a periapical radiograph were used together for working length determination, confirming the canal terminated 0.5 mm short of the radiographic apex."

"glide path"

A smooth, continuous, reproducible pathway from the canal orifice to the apical foramen, created by hand files before rotary instrumentation to prevent separation of rotary instruments

"A size 15 hand file was used to establish the glide path before introducing the rotary nickel-titanium system to reduce the risk of instrument separation."

"apical patency"

The maintenance of a free passage through the apical foramen during and after root canal preparation by passively recapitulating with a small file to prevent accumulation of dentinal debris

"Apical patency was confirmed throughout instrumentation by periodically passing a size 10 K-file through the apical foramen without enlarging it."

"warm vertical compaction"

An obturation technique in which heated gutta-percha is condensed vertically in the apical and mid-root regions using heat-activated pluggers, providing dense three-dimensional filling of the root canal system

"Warm vertical compaction was chosen for the severely curved molar canal because the technique allows controlled incremental placement of softened gutta-percha without apical extrusion."

"mineral trioxide aggregate"

A biocompatible calcium silicate-based cement used for apical plug placement, perforation repair, pulpotomy, and root-end filling because of its sealing ability, biocompatibility, and capacity to induce hard tissue formation

"Mineral trioxide aggregate was placed as a four-millimetre apical plug in the immature apex of the non-vital upper incisor before the canal was backfilled with warm gutta-percha."

"ledge formation"

A procedural complication of root canal preparation in which an artificial step is created in the root canal wall, usually in a curved canal, preventing instruments from reaching the true working length

"The operator encountered resistance two millimetres short of the working length and the radiograph confirmed ledge formation on the outer curve of the mesial root."

"endodontic retreatment"

The removal of existing root canal filling materials and revision of the root canal preparation and obturation in a previously treated tooth where signs of persistent or recurrent pathology are present

"Endodontic retreatment was indicated because the periapical radiograph showed a persistent and enlarging periapical lesion fourteen months after the original root canal treatment."

"root canal sealer"

A cementing medium used in conjunction with a core obturation material such as gutta-percha to fill irregularities, lateral canals, and the interface between the core and the canal wall

"A bioceramic root canal sealer was selected for its superior biocompatibility and dimensional stability compared to zinc oxide-eugenol cements."

"periodontal staging and grading"

The 2017 World Workshop classification system that characterises periodontitis by severity and complexity (Stage I–IV) and by rate of progression and risk factors (Grade A–C)

"After full-mouth charting and radiographic assessment, the patient was classified as Stage III Grade B periodontitis due to moderate bone loss and a history of smoking."

"full-mouth disinfection"

A treatment protocol in which all quadrants of the mouth are instrumented within 24 hours and oral antiseptic rinses are used simultaneously, aiming to prevent re-infection of treated sites from remaining reservoirs of periodontal pathogens

"Full-mouth disinfection with chlorhexidine adjuncts was completed over two consecutive days and showed significantly reduced probing depths at three-month review."

"furcation involvement"

Destruction of the inter-radicular bone between the roots of a multi-rooted tooth by periodontal disease, classified as Class I (horizontal probing up to 3 mm), Class II (more than 3 mm but not through-and-through), or Class III (through-and-through)

"The lower-left first molar had Class II furcation involvement on the buccal aspect, which was managed with root planing and open-flap debridement."

"subepithelial connective tissue graft"

A soft tissue augmentation procedure in which connective tissue harvested from the palate, without the overlying epithelium, is tunnelled or sutured beneath a recipient site flap to increase tissue volume and cover exposed root surfaces

"A subepithelial connective tissue graft was performed to achieve root coverage of the Miller Class I recession defect on the upper canine."

"osseous resective surgery"

A periodontal surgical procedure that reduces infrabony defects and reshapes irregular alveolar bone contours to achieve a more favourable architecture for oral hygiene maintenance

"Osseous resective surgery eliminated the three-wall infrabony defect and created a positive architecture that allowed the patient to clean effectively with interdental brushes."

"periodontal regeneration"

A surgical outcome in which lost periodontal supporting structures — cementum, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone — are re-formed through the use of barrier membranes, bone grafts, or biological mediators such as enamel matrix derivative

"Application of enamel matrix derivative in conjunction with a bovine bone mineral graft achieved significant periodontal regeneration of the deep intrabony defect at six months."

"peri-implantitis"

An inflammatory condition affecting the tissues around a dental implant, characterised by bleeding on probing, suppuration, and progressive crestal bone loss beyond initial biological remodelling

"Peri-implantitis was diagnosed at the three-year review based on probing depths exceeding five millimetres, bleeding and suppuration on probing, and radiographic bone loss of more than two millimetres."

"supportive periodontal therapy"

The long-term maintenance phase of periodontal treatment in which the patient attends at individualised recall intervals for professional supragingival and subgingival debridement, oral hygiene reinforcement, and monitoring of periodontal stability

"The patient was enrolled in a three-monthly supportive periodontal therapy programme after active periodontal therapy was completed, and probing depths remained stable over three years."