Английский для гастроэнтерологии: ключевые термины и фразы

"gastrointestinal tract"

The continuous muscular tube running from the mouth to the anus through which food is ingested, digested, and absorbed

"The radiologist reviewed the contrast study to assess transit throughout the entire gastrointestinal tract."

"gastroesophageal junction"

The anatomical boundary where the oesophagus meets the stomach, guarded by the lower oesophageal sphincter

"Biopsies taken at the gastroesophageal junction confirmed the presence of Barrett's oesophagus with low-grade dysplasia."

"pylorus"

The muscular valve at the lower end of the stomach that controls the passage of partially digested food into the duodenum

"Ultrasound demonstrated hypertrophy of the pylorus consistent with infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis."

"duodenum"

The first and shortest segment of the small intestine where bile and pancreatic enzymes mix with chyme for digestion

"Endoscopy revealed a peptic ulcer on the posterior wall of the duodenum with a visible vessel requiring injection therapy."

"hepatic flexure"

The bend in the colon at the junction of the ascending and transverse portions, located near the liver

"The colonoscopy identified a 15 mm sessile polyp at the hepatic flexure that was removed by endoscopic mucosal resection."

"sphincter of Oddi"

The smooth muscle valve controlling the flow of bile and pancreatic secretions into the duodenum at the ampulla of Vater

"Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction was suspected after recurrent pancreatitis in the absence of gallstones or other identifiable cause."

"mesentery"

The fold of peritoneum that attaches the intestines to the posterior abdominal wall, carrying blood vessels and lymphatics

"CT imaging revealed inflammatory stranding of the mesentery surrounding the inflamed loop of small bowel."

"mucosa"

The innermost lining layer of the gastrointestinal tract consisting of epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae

"Histology of the colonic biopsy showed active cryptitis limited to the mucosa without transmural involvement."

"Crohn's disease"

A chronic inflammatory bowel disease that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract with transmural skip lesions

"MR enterography showed active Crohn's disease with mural thickening and enhancement in the terminal ileum."

"gastroesophageal reflux disease"

A condition in which stomach acid repeatedly flows back into the oesophagus, causing heartburn, regurgitation, and mucosal damage

"The patient was diagnosed with gastroesophageal reflux disease based on typical symptoms and a positive 24-hour pH study."

"ulcerative colitis"

A chronic inflammatory bowel disease causing continuous mucosal inflammation and ulceration confined to the colon and rectum

"Colonoscopy confirmed pancolitis with continuous mucosal inflammation from the rectum to the caecum, consistent with ulcerative colitis."

"coeliac disease"

An autoimmune condition triggered by gluten ingestion causing villous atrophy in the small intestine and malabsorption

"Duodenal biopsies showed Marsh III villous atrophy, and elevated anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies confirmed coeliac disease."

"irritable bowel syndrome"

A functional gastrointestinal disorder characterised by abdominal pain related to defecation and changes in bowel habit without structural pathology

"After excluding organic disease, the patient was diagnosed with irritable bowel syndrome and referred for dietary advice and cognitive behavioural therapy."

"peptic ulcer disease"

A condition in which ulcers form in the mucosal lining of the stomach or duodenum due to Helicobacter pylori infection or NSAID use

"Endoscopy confirmed a 12 mm duodenal ulcer with a clean base, and rapid urease testing was positive for Helicobacter pylori."

"acute pancreatitis"

Sudden inflammation of the pancreas, most commonly caused by gallstones or alcohol, presenting with severe epigastric pain

"The patient presented with acute pancreatitis; serum lipase was eight times the upper limit of normal and ultrasound revealed gallstones."

"hepatic cirrhosis"

Irreversible scarring of the liver resulting in nodular regeneration, portal hypertension, and progressive liver failure

"Liver biopsy confirmed Metavir F4 cirrhosis, and the patient was listed for hepatology outpatient follow-up and variceal screening."

"colonoscopy"

An endoscopic procedure using a flexible camera to visualise the entire colon and terminal ileum for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention

"Surveillance colonoscopy at five years identified three tubular adenomas which were removed by polypectomy."

"faecal calprotectin"

A stool biomarker reflecting neutrophil migration into the intestinal lumen, used to differentiate inflammatory bowel disease from functional disorders

"A faecal calprotectin of 850 µg/g strongly suggested active colonic inflammation and prompted urgent colonoscopy."

"upper gastrointestinal endoscopy"

A procedure using a flexible endoscope passed through the mouth to visualise the oesophagus, stomach, and duodenum

"Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy revealed a 3 cm hiatus hernia and oesophagitis graded as Los Angeles grade B."

"liver function tests"

A panel of blood tests measuring enzymes and proteins that reflect hepatocellular integrity, cholestasis, and synthetic liver function

"Liver function tests showed an obstructive pattern with elevated ALP and GGT, prompting further imaging of the biliary tree."

"hydrogen breath test"

A non-invasive test measuring exhaled hydrogen after ingestion of a substrate to diagnose small intestinal bacterial overgrowth or carbohydrate malabsorption

"The hydrogen breath test confirmed small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, and the patient was treated with a course of rifaximin."

"endoscopic ultrasound"

A combined endoscopy and ultrasound technique providing high-resolution images of the gastrointestinal wall layers and adjacent structures

"Endoscopic ultrasound confirmed a 2 cm submucosal lesion in the gastric wall with features consistent with a gastrointestinal stromal tumour."

"ERCP"

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, a procedure combining endoscopy and fluoroscopy to diagnose and treat biliary and pancreatic duct disorders

"ERCP was performed for obstructive jaundice, revealing a common bile duct stone that was successfully removed by balloon extraction."

"capsule endoscopy"

A diagnostic technique in which the patient swallows a wireless capsule camera that photographs the entire small intestine during transit

"Capsule endoscopy identified active bleeding from an angioectasia in the mid-jejunum that had been missed by conventional endoscopy."

"polypectomy"

The endoscopic removal of a polyp from the mucosal surface of the colon or other part of the gastrointestinal tract

"Cold snare polypectomy was performed for a 6 mm sessile serrated lesion in the sigmoid colon with no immediate complications."

"endoscopic mucosal resection"

A technique for removing large flat lesions from the gastrointestinal mucosa by injecting fluid to lift the lesion before snare excision

"Endoscopic mucosal resection achieved en-bloc removal of a 25 mm flat adenoma in the ascending colon."

"band ligation"

An endoscopic technique that places rubber bands around oesophageal or gastric varices to occlude them and prevent variceal bleeding

"Emergency band ligation was performed on four columns of bleeding oesophageal varices, achieving haemostasis within the procedure."

"argon plasma coagulation"

A non-contact endoscopic technique using ionised argon gas to coagulate and ablate superficial gastrointestinal lesions and bleeding sites

"Argon plasma coagulation successfully treated multiple gastric antral vascular ectasias, reducing the patient's transfusion requirements."

"endoscopic submucosal dissection"

An advanced endoscopic technique for en-bloc resection of large or complex gastrointestinal lesions by dissecting the submucosal layer

"Endoscopic submucosal dissection achieved curative resection of a 40 mm early gastric cancer with clear lateral and vertical margins."

"percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy"

A procedure to insert a feeding tube directly through the abdominal wall into the stomach under endoscopic guidance

"Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy was inserted for a patient with motor neurone disease who could no longer swallow safely."

"haemostasis"

The endoscopic arrest of gastrointestinal bleeding using techniques such as injection, thermal coagulation, or clipping

"Successful haemostasis was achieved with a combination of adrenaline injection and haemostatic clip placement at the bleeding vessel."

"biliary sphincterotomy"

An endoscopic incision of the sphincter of Oddi to widen the bile duct opening and facilitate stone removal or stent placement

"Biliary sphincterotomy was performed prior to balloon extraction of multiple common bile duct stones during the ERCP procedure."

"portal hypertension"

Elevated pressure within the portal venous system, a complication of cirrhosis causing varices, ascites, and splenomegaly

"Portal hypertension was confirmed by a hepatic venous pressure gradient of 18 mmHg, indicating high risk of variceal haemorrhage."

"hepatic encephalopathy"

A spectrum of neuropsychiatric dysfunction caused by liver failure and the accumulation of toxins including ammonia in the bloodstream

"The patient developed grade III hepatic encephalopathy and was treated with lactulose and rifaximin with gradual improvement over 48 hours."

"ascites"

The pathological accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity, most commonly caused by portal hypertension in cirrhosis

"Large-volume ascites was drained by therapeutic paracentesis with albumin replacement to prevent post-procedural circulatory dysfunction."

"non-alcoholic fatty liver disease"

A spectrum of liver conditions ranging from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis and fibrosis in patients without significant alcohol use

"FibroScan revealed significant fibrosis in a patient with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and type 2 diabetes, prompting lifestyle intervention."

"hepatitis B surface antigen"

A serological marker indicating current hepatitis B infection, used to screen for active viral replication and infectivity

"The immigrant patient was found to be hepatitis B surface antigen positive and was referred to the hepatology clinic for further assessment."

"Child-Pugh score"

A scoring system using serum bilirubin, albumin, prothrombin time, ascites, and encephalopathy to assess the severity of liver disease

"The Child-Pugh score of 10 placed the patient in class C cirrhosis, and transplant listing was discussed at the multidisciplinary meeting."

"transient elastography"

A non-invasive imaging technique measuring liver stiffness to quantify fibrosis without the need for liver biopsy

"Transient elastography showed a liver stiffness of 22 kPa, consistent with advanced fibrosis and prompting variceal surveillance endoscopy."

"spontaneous bacterial peritonitis"

A serious infection of ascitic fluid occurring without an identifiable intra-abdominal source, a complication of decompensated cirrhosis

"Diagnostic paracentesis confirmed spontaneous bacterial peritonitis with a neutrophil count of 350 cells/mm³, and intravenous cefotaxime was commenced immediately."

"dysphagia"

Difficulty swallowing, which may be caused by oesophageal strictures, motility disorders, or pharyngeal pathology

"The patient reported progressive dysphagia for solids over three months, prompting urgent upper endoscopy to exclude malignancy."

"haematemesis"

The vomiting of blood, indicating upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage from the oesophagus, stomach, or duodenum

"The patient presented with haematemesis, and emergency endoscopy revealed a bleeding duodenal ulcer requiring injection and clipping."

"melaena"

The passage of black, tarry, foul-smelling stools caused by digested blood from an upper gastrointestinal source

"The patient described two days of melaena; admission haemoglobin was 72 g/L, requiring urgent resuscitation and endoscopy."

"change in bowel habit"

An alteration in the frequency, consistency, or character of stools that persists and may indicate underlying colorectal pathology

"A six-week history of change in bowel habit with rectal bleeding in a 60-year-old triggered a two-week-wait colonoscopy referral."

"bloating"

A subjective sensation of abdominal distension or fullness, commonly reported in functional gastrointestinal disorders

"The patient described persistent bloating after meals, which improved significantly on a low-FODMAP diet trial."

"remission"

A state in which signs and symptoms of a condition such as inflammatory bowel disease are absent or minimally active

"The gastroenterologist confirmed that the patient's ulcerative colitis was in deep remission with both clinical and endoscopic healing."

"flare"

An episode of worsening symptoms in a patient with a chronic gastrointestinal condition such as Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis

"The patient experienced a severe flare of Crohn's disease and was admitted for intravenous corticosteroids and bowel rest."

"biologic therapy"

A class of medications derived from biological sources targeting specific immune pathways, used to treat moderate-to-severe inflammatory bowel disease

"After failing two conventional therapies, the patient was commenced on biologic therapy with infliximab, achieving mucosal healing at week 26."