Английский для гематологии: ключевые термины и фразы

"erythrocyte"

A red blood cell that contains haemoglobin and transports oxygen from the lungs to body tissues and carbon dioxide in return

"The peripheral blood film showed target cells and spherocytes among the erythrocytes, suggesting haemolytic anaemia."

"haemoglobin"

The iron-containing protein in red blood cells that binds and carries oxygen, measured to assess anaemia severity

"The patient's haemoglobin had fallen to 62 g/L, necessitating an urgent red cell transfusion."

"platelet"

A small anucleate blood cell fragment that aggregates at sites of vascular injury to form a primary haemostatic plug

"Thrombocytopenia with a platelet count of 18 × 10⁹/L prompted concern about spontaneous haemorrhage."

"neutrophil"

The most abundant white blood cell, acting as the first-line phagocytic defence against bacterial and fungal infections

"Post-chemotherapy neutropenia left the patient at high risk of life-threatening infection with an absolute neutrophil count below 0.5 × 10⁹/L."

"plasma"

The acellular liquid portion of blood containing clotting factors, albumin, immunoglobulins, and other proteins

"Fresh frozen plasma was administered to correct the coagulopathy before the emergency procedure."

"reticulocyte"

An immature red blood cell recently released from the bone marrow, whose elevated count indicates active erythropoiesis

"A reticulocyte count of 8% confirmed that the bone marrow was responding appropriately to the haemolytic process."

"lymphocyte"

A type of white blood cell responsible for adaptive immunity, including B cells that produce antibodies and T cells that coordinate immune responses

"Atypical lymphocytes on the blood film raised the possibility of infectious mononucleosis in the febrile teenager."

"bone marrow"

The spongy tissue inside bones where haematopoiesis occurs, producing all blood cell lineages throughout adult life

"Bone marrow biopsy revealed a hypercellular marrow with 80% replacement by plasma cells, confirming multiple myeloma."

"iron deficiency anaemia"

The most common form of anaemia, caused by insufficient iron for haemoglobin synthesis, producing microcytic hypochromic red cells

"Iron deficiency anaemia was attributed to occult gastrointestinal blood loss, prompting urgent colonoscopy."

"sickle cell disease"

An inherited haemoglobinopathy in which abnormal haemoglobin S causes red cells to adopt a rigid sickle shape, leading to vascular occlusion and haemolysis

"The patient with sickle cell disease presented in acute vaso-occlusive crisis with severe pain in the lumbar spine and femora."

"thalassaemia"

A group of inherited conditions causing reduced or absent synthesis of one or more globin chains, resulting in ineffective erythropoiesis and haemolysis

"Beta-thalassaemia major was diagnosed in infancy when the child became profoundly anaemic and transfusion-dependent."

"haemolytic anaemia"

Anaemia caused by premature destruction of red blood cells at a rate that exceeds the bone marrow's compensatory capacity

"The direct antiglobulin test was strongly positive, confirming autoimmune haemolytic anaemia as the cause of the rapid haemoglobin fall."

"pernicious anaemia"

An autoimmune condition causing vitamin B12 deficiency due to lack of intrinsic factor, resulting in macrocytic megaloblastic anaemia

"Anti-intrinsic factor antibodies were detected, establishing pernicious anaemia as the cause of the B12 deficiency."

"aplastic anaemia"

A life-threatening condition in which the bone marrow fails to produce adequate numbers of all blood cell lineages

"Severe aplastic anaemia was confirmed by bone marrow biopsy showing profound hypocellularity and was treated with allogeneic stem cell transplantation."

"polycythaemia vera"

A myeloproliferative neoplasm characterised by excessive red cell production, causing elevated haematocrit and increased thrombosis risk

"Polycythaemia vera was confirmed by detection of the JAK2 V617F mutation in a patient with a haematocrit of 58% and a history of deep vein thrombosis."

"mean corpuscular volume"

A laboratory measure of the average size of red blood cells used to classify anaemia as microcytic, normocytic, or macrocytic

"A mean corpuscular volume of 70 fL in the context of anaemia strongly suggested iron deficiency or thalassaemia trait."

"haemophilia"

An X-linked inherited bleeding disorder caused by deficiency of clotting factor VIII (haemophilia A) or factor IX (haemophilia B)

"Haemophilia A was diagnosed after the boy suffered prolonged bleeding following a minor dental extraction, with a factor VIII level of 1%."

"von Willebrand disease"

The most common inherited bleeding disorder, caused by deficiency or dysfunction of von Willebrand factor, impairing platelet adhesion and factor VIII stability

"Type 1 von Willebrand disease was suspected after menorrhagia and easy bruising, and confirmed by low von Willebrand factor antigen levels."

"disseminated intravascular coagulation"

A life-threatening syndrome of simultaneous widespread clotting and consumption of clotting factors and platelets, causing bleeding and organ failure

"Disseminated intravascular coagulation was recognised by the triad of falling fibrinogen, thrombocytopenia, and elevated D-dimer in the septic patient."

"prothrombin time"

A coagulation test measuring the time taken for plasma to clot via the extrinsic pathway, used to assess warfarin therapy and liver-related coagulopathy

"The prothrombin time was markedly prolonged at 28 seconds, reflecting severe hepatic synthetic dysfunction."

"thrombocytopenia"

An abnormally low platelet count, classified by cause as decreased production, increased destruction, or sequestration in the spleen

"Immune thrombocytopenia was the most likely diagnosis in the otherwise well woman with an isolated platelet count of 12 × 10⁹/L."

"anticoagulation"

The therapeutic use of drugs that inhibit components of the clotting cascade to prevent or treat thromboembolism

"Anticoagulation with low molecular weight heparin was commenced immediately after the diagnosis of proximal deep vein thrombosis."

"fibrinogen"

A plasma glycoprotein converted to fibrin by thrombin during clot formation; low levels indicate consumption as in disseminated intravascular coagulation or liver failure

"A fibrinogen level of 0.8 g/L prompted urgent cryoprecipitate infusion to restore haemostatic capacity before surgery."

"factor replacement therapy"

The intravenous infusion of specific clotting factors to prevent or treat bleeding in patients with inherited coagulation factor deficiencies

"Factor VIII concentrate was given as prophylactic factor replacement therapy three times per week to prevent joint bleeds."

"acute myeloid leukaemia"

An aggressive haematological malignancy characterised by clonal proliferation of immature myeloid precursors that displace normal marrow elements

"Acute myeloid leukaemia with FLT3-ITD mutation was diagnosed and the patient was enrolled in a clinical trial of targeted therapy combined with intensive chemotherapy."

"chronic lymphocytic leukaemia"

The most common adult leukaemia, characterised by accumulation of mature-appearing but functionally impaired B lymphocytes in the blood, bone marrow, and lymphoid tissue

"Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia was managed with active surveillance for three years before rising lymphocyte counts and constitutional symptoms prompted treatment."

"diffuse large B-cell lymphoma"

The most common aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma, arising from B cells and requiring prompt immunochemotherapy

"Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma was diagnosed following excision biopsy of a rapidly enlarging cervical lymph node and treated with R-CHOP."

"Hodgkin lymphoma"

A lymphoma characterised by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells, typically presenting with painless lymphadenopathy and constitutional B symptoms

"Hodgkin lymphoma was staged as IIA and the young patient achieved complete remission following six cycles of ABVD chemotherapy."

"multiple myeloma"

A plasma cell malignancy in which clonal plasma cells accumulate in the bone marrow, secreting monoclonal immunoglobulin and causing end-organ damage

"Multiple myeloma was suspected when the patient presented with back pain, hypercalcaemia, and an elevated total protein, and confirmed by bone marrow biopsy."

"blast cells"

Immature, undifferentiated haematopoietic precursor cells whose presence in the blood or bone marrow above a defined threshold is diagnostic of acute leukaemia

"The blood film showed 40% blast cells, and the diagnosis of acute leukaemia was confirmed the same day."

"remission"

The absence of detectable disease following treatment, defined as complete remission when all measurable disease criteria are met

"Complete remission was achieved after two cycles of induction chemotherapy, with less than 5% blasts on repeat bone marrow biopsy."

"minimal residual disease"

Low levels of residual leukaemic or lymphomatous cells below the threshold of conventional morphology, detectable only by highly sensitive molecular or flow cytometric techniques

"Minimal residual disease negativity after consolidation therapy was the strongest predictor of durable remission in this cohort."

"allogeneic stem cell transplantation"

A procedure in which haematopoietic stem cells from a matched donor are infused to reconstitute the recipient's immune and haematopoietic system after myeloablative conditioning

"Allogeneic stem cell transplantation from a matched sibling donor was planned as consolidation therapy for the patient's high-risk acute myeloid leukaemia."

"autologous transplantation"

A procedure in which the patient's own previously harvested and cryopreserved stem cells are reinfused following high-dose chemotherapy

"Autologous transplantation was performed as consolidation for myeloma after the patient achieved a very good partial response to induction therapy."

"graft-versus-host disease"

A serious complication of allogeneic transplantation in which donor immune cells attack the recipient's organs, most commonly affecting the skin, gut, and liver

"Acute graft-versus-host disease was diagnosed on day 22 post-transplant when the patient developed a maculopapular rash, diarrhoea, and elevated bilirubin."

"conditioning regimen"

The high-dose chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy given before stem cell infusion to eradicate residual malignancy and create space in the marrow for donor cells

"A reduced-intensity conditioning regimen was chosen for the elderly patient to minimise transplant-related toxicity."

"engraftment"

The successful establishment and proliferation of donor or autologous stem cells in the recipient's bone marrow, evidenced by rising blood counts

"Engraftment was confirmed on day 14 when the neutrophil count exceeded 0.5 × 10⁹/L on three consecutive days."

"graft-versus-leukaemia effect"

The immunological mechanism by which donor T cells recognise and destroy residual recipient leukaemic cells, contributing to long-term disease control after allogeneic transplant

"Donor lymphocyte infusion was given to harness the graft-versus-leukaemia effect after molecular relapse was detected post-transplant."

"HLA matching"

The comparison of human leucocyte antigen tissue types between donor and recipient to minimise the risk of graft rejection and severe graft-versus-host disease

"10/10 HLA matching was achieved with an unrelated donor identified through the international bone marrow donor registry."

"veno-occlusive disease"

A potentially fatal post-transplant complication of hepatic sinusoidal obstruction causing jaundice, weight gain, and hepatomegaly

"Veno-occlusive disease was suspected when the patient developed rapid weight gain and painful hepatomegaly on day 10 after myeloablative conditioning."

"cytopenia"

A reduction in the number of one or more types of blood cells, described as anaemia, leucopenia, or thrombocytopenia depending on the lineage affected

"The patient presented with bicytopenia — anaemia and thrombocytopenia — raising suspicion of bone marrow failure or infiltration."

"transfusion threshold"

The haemoglobin or platelet level at which a clinician decides to administer a blood product, guided by clinical context and institutional guidelines

"In this stable asymptomatic patient the transfusion threshold was set at a haemoglobin below 70 g/L to avoid unnecessary blood product use."

"disease-modifying therapy"

Treatment that alters the natural course of a haematological condition rather than only relieving symptoms

"Hydroxycarbamide was commenced as disease-modifying therapy to reduce the frequency of sickle cell crises and the need for transfusion."

"watchful waiting"

An active management strategy of close monitoring without immediate treatment, appropriate for indolent haematological conditions that may not require intervention for years

"Given the absence of symptoms or end-organ damage, watchful waiting was recommended for the patient's early-stage follicular lymphoma."

"cytoreduction"

Treatment aimed at reducing an abnormally elevated blood cell count, used in myeloproliferative neoplasms to lower thrombosis risk

"Cytoreduction with hydroxycarbamide was initiated to reduce the haematocrit to below 45% in the patient with polycythaemia vera."

"febrile neutropenia"

A medical emergency defined as fever occurring when the absolute neutrophil count is critically low, typically in patients receiving chemotherapy

"Febrile neutropenia was managed with prompt broad-spectrum intravenous antibiotics within one hour of presentation to the emergency department."

"informed consent for transfusion"

The process of explaining the risks, benefits, and alternatives to a blood transfusion so the patient can make a voluntary and informed decision

"Informed consent for transfusion was obtained after explaining the small risks of transfusion reactions, infection transmission, and alloimmunisation."

"haematological response"

An improvement in blood count parameters following treatment, used to assess the effectiveness of therapy in myeloid and lymphoid disorders

"A major haematological response was documented at three months, with normalisation of the white cell count and resolution of splenomegaly."