Английский для горнодобывающей отрасли: ключевые термины

"ore grade"

The concentration of a valuable mineral within a rock or deposit, usually expressed as a percentage or grams per tonne

"The drilling results confirmed an average ore grade of 1.8 grams per tonne gold across the deposit."

"drill core"

A cylindrical sample of rock extracted from underground using a rotary drill to assess geology and mineralisation

"Geologists logged the drill core to identify zones of elevated copper sulphide mineralisation."

"strike length"

The horizontal distance along which a mineralised zone or geological feature extends

"The new discovery extended the strike length of the gold reef by an additional 400 metres."

"geophysical survey"

A non-invasive technique using physical measurements such as gravity, magnetics, or seismic data to map subsurface geology

"An airborne geophysical survey identified a buried conductive anomaly consistent with a massive sulphide deposit."

"mineral resource estimate"

A formal quantification of the amount and grade of mineralisation that can be reasonably expected to exist in a deposit

"The updated mineral resource estimate increased total tonnes in the inferred category by 30 per cent."

"alteration halo"

A zone of chemically changed rock surrounding a mineralised body, used as an indicator of ore proximity

"The presence of a pervasive sericite alteration halo guided the exploration team to the main ore lens."

"assay"

A chemical test performed on a rock or soil sample to determine the concentration of target metals

"Assay results from the scout drilling programme returned anomalous nickel values in several intervals."

"infill drilling"

Additional drill holes placed within an existing resource area to increase geological confidence and upgrade resource classification

"The infill drilling campaign converted 15 million tonnes from inferred to indicated resource status."

"blast hole"

A drill hole loaded with explosives to fragment rock for excavation

"The drill and blast crew completed 120 blast holes before the scheduled detonation."

"burden"

The distance between a blast hole and the nearest free face of rock, critical for controlling fragmentation

"Reducing the burden from 3.5 metres to 3.0 metres improved fragmentation and reduced oversize."

"specific charge"

The amount of explosive used per unit volume or mass of rock blasted, expressed in kilograms per tonne

"The blast engineer increased the specific charge to 0.35 kg per tonne to break the harder basalt zone."

"initiation sequence"

The programmed order and timing in which individual blast holes are detonated to control fragmentation and vibration

"An electronic initiation sequence was designed to reduce ground vibration at the nearby community."

"misfired charge"

An explosive that failed to detonate during a blast, requiring a careful re-entry protocol

"Operations were suspended while the shot firer investigated and safely dealt with the misfired charge."

"stemming"

Inert material such as gravel packed into the top of a blast hole to confine explosive energy and improve fragmentation

"Crushed rock stemming of two metres was used to prevent airblast from the upper portion of each hole."

"flyrock"

Rock fragments projected beyond the intended blast zone, a key safety hazard

"The exclusion zone was extended after flyrock was detected 450 metres from the blast area."

"powder factor"

The ratio of explosives to rock broken, indicating blasting efficiency

"The powder factor of 0.28 kg per tonne was within the design specification for the granite bench."

"open-pit bench"

A horizontal level or step cut into an open-pit mine to facilitate equipment access and ore extraction

"Each open-pit bench was 15 metres high and maintained a berm at its crest for safety."

"sublevel caving"

An underground bulk mining method where ore is blasted and drawn through openings as overlying rock caves in

"Sublevel caving was selected for the massive low-grade orebody due to its high productivity and low cost per tonne."

"room and pillar"

An underground mining method where ore is extracted from rooms while pillars of unexcavated material are left to support the roof

"The coal seam was mined using room and pillar, leaving 40 per cent of the coal as support pillars."

"cut-off grade"

The minimum ore grade at which mining becomes economically viable, used to distinguish ore from waste

"With gold at USD 1,900 per ounce, the cut-off grade was set at 0.5 grams per tonne."

"waste stripping ratio"

The volume or tonnage of waste rock removed per unit of ore extracted in open-pit mining

"A waste stripping ratio of 4:1 was acceptable for the high-grade copper ore in the southern pit."

"drawpoint"

An opening at the base of a caved or blasted ore column through which fragmented ore is extracted

"LHD operators collected ore from each drawpoint until the material became diluted with caved waste."

"longwall mining"

An underground coal mining method where a long panel of coal is progressively extracted and the roof is allowed to cave

"The longwall mining face advanced at 6 metres per day during peak production at the colliery."

"ore reserve"

The economically mineable part of a measured or indicated mineral resource, including consideration of mining factors

"The feasibility study confirmed proved ore reserves of 12 million tonnes at 1.2% copper."

"comminution"

The process of reducing ore particle size through crushing and grinding to liberate valuable minerals

"Comminution accounts for more than half of the processing plant's total energy consumption."

"froth flotation"

A process that separates hydrophobic mineral particles from gangue by attaching them to air bubbles in a slurry

"Froth flotation achieved a copper recovery of 92 per cent in the primary rougher circuit."

"heap leach"

A low-cost hydrometallurgical process where ore is stacked on a pad and irrigated with a chemical solution to dissolve target metals

"Low-grade oxide ore unsuitable for the mill was redirected to the heap leach facility."

"tailings"

The fine-grained waste material remaining after valuable minerals have been extracted from ore

"Tailings from the processing plant were pumped to the tailings storage facility under strict environmental controls."

"metallurgical recovery"

The percentage of the target metal successfully extracted during processing relative to the amount present in the feed ore

"Metallurgical recovery improved from 88 to 93 per cent after reagent optimisation in the flotation circuit."

"thickener"

A large circular tank used to increase the solids concentration of a slurry by settling, reducing water in the pulp

"The thickener underflow density was maintained at 65 per cent solids to optimise downstream filtration."

"reagent dosage"

The quantity of chemical reagent added per tonne of ore processed in a beneficiation circuit

"The metallurgist adjusted the collector reagent dosage to improve sulphide mineral recovery."

"smelting"

A pyrometallurgical process that uses heat to extract metal from its ore by reducing the ore and separating impurities

"Copper concentrate was transported to the smelter for smelting into anode copper at 1,200 degrees Celsius."

"take five"

A pre-task hazard identification practice where a worker pauses for five minutes to identify risks before beginning work

"Every operator was required to complete a take five assessment before starting the drill rig."

"lockout tagout"

A safety procedure that isolates equipment from its energy source and attaches a tag to prevent accidental startup during maintenance

"The mechanic applied lockout tagout to the conveyor drive before entering the transfer chute."

"fall of ground"

The uncontrolled collapse of rock from the roof or walls in an underground excavation, one of the leading causes of fatality

"A fall of ground in the stope injured two miners before ground support standards were strengthened."

"gas monitoring"

Continuous or periodic measurement of atmospheric gases such as carbon monoxide, methane, or oxygen in underground workings

"Portable gas monitoring equipment was carried by all personnel entering the freshly blasted heading."

"exclusion zone"

A designated area around a hazard or active operation where unauthorised personnel are prohibited from entering

"An exclusion zone of 500 metres was established around the blast area before initiation."

"incident investigation"

A formal process to determine the root cause of a workplace accident or near miss and implement corrective actions

"The incident investigation team identified inadequate pre-start inspection as the contributing factor."

"ground support"

Structures such as rock bolts, mesh, and shotcrete installed underground to stabilise excavated rock and prevent falls

"Ground support installation was completed to full specification before the development heading could advance."

"personal protective equipment"

Protective gear worn by workers to minimise exposure to physical, chemical, or biological hazards on site

"All visitors were issued personal protective equipment including hard hats, hi-vis vests, and safety boots at the site gate."

"acid mine drainage"

The flow of acidic water from mine workings caused by the oxidation of sulphide minerals, which can contaminate waterways

"Acid mine drainage from the abandoned tailings dam was treated with lime before discharge to the river."

"environmental impact assessment"

A formal study evaluating the potential environmental consequences of a proposed mining project before approvals are granted

"The environmental impact assessment identified three threatened species whose habitat overlapped with the proposed pit area."

"tailings dam"

An engineered embankment constructed to store fine-grained tailings waste from mineral processing operations

"Geotechnical engineers conducted a stability audit of the tailings dam following the heavy rainfall event."

"progressive rehabilitation"

The practice of restoring mined land to an agreed condition concurrently with active mining operations rather than at closure

"The company's progressive rehabilitation programme had revegetated 340 hectares of completed waste dumps."

"mine closure plan"

A documented strategy outlining how a mine will be decommissioned, remediated, and returned to an acceptable post-mining land use

"Regulators required an updated mine closure plan demonstrating that long-term water quality standards would be met."

"dust suppression"

Measures taken to reduce the generation or spread of airborne particulate matter on haul roads, stockpiles, and processing areas

"Water trucks carried out dust suppression on the haul roads twice per shift during the dry season."

"cyanide management"

The handling, storage, application, and disposal of cyanide used in gold leaching operations according to strict regulatory standards

"The operation complied with the International Cyanide Management Code, verified through an independent audit."

"water balance"

An accounting framework that tracks all water inputs, outputs, and storage within a mine site to manage supply and prevent licence exceedances

"The water balance model showed that the process water pond would overflow during a one-in-fifty-year rainfall event."