Английский для медсестёр: ключевые термины и фразы

"vital signs"

The four key measurements of body function — temperature, pulse, respiration, and blood pressure — that indicate a patient's basic physiological status

"The nurse recorded the patient's vital signs every four hours and noted a rising temperature of 38.9°C."

"chief complaint"

The primary symptom or reason a patient is seeking medical care, described in the patient's own words

"The patient's chief complaint was severe chest pain that had started three hours before admission."

"auscultation"

The act of listening to internal body sounds, typically with a stethoscope, to assess the heart, lungs, or bowel

"During auscultation, the nurse detected crackles in the right lower lobe, suggesting fluid accumulation."

"level of consciousness"

A clinical measure of a patient's awareness and responsiveness, ranging from fully alert to unresponsive

"The patient's level of consciousness had declined since the morning shift, so the nurse immediately notified the physician."

"capillary refill time"

The time it takes for colour to return to the fingernail bed after pressure is briefly applied, used to assess peripheral circulation

"A capillary refill time greater than three seconds prompted the nurse to reassess the patient's blood pressure and perfusion status."

"pain scale"

A standardised tool, such as the 0–10 numeric scale, used to measure and document a patient's subjective experience of pain

"The patient rated the post-operative pain a 7 on the pain scale, so the nurse administered the prescribed analgesic."

"skin turgor"

The skin's ability to return to its normal shape after being gently pinched, used as an indicator of hydration status

"Poor skin turgor in the elderly patient suggested dehydration, and the nurse increased the oral fluid intake goal."

"neurological assessment"

A systematic evaluation of brain function and the nervous system, including orientation, motor strength, reflexes, and pupil response

"The nurse performed a neurological assessment every two hours for the patient who had sustained a head injury in the fall."

"five rights of medication"

The fundamental safety check verifying the right patient, right drug, right dose, right route, and right time before administering any medication

"Before drawing up the insulin, the nurse confirmed all five rights of medication using the patient's armband and the electronic medication record."

"adverse drug reaction"

An unintended, harmful response to a medication given at a normal therapeutic dose

"The patient developed a rash within an hour of the first dose, documented as an adverse drug reaction and reported to the prescribing doctor."

"PRN medication"

A drug prescribed to be given as needed rather than on a fixed schedule, based on the patient's current symptoms or condition

"The pain management plan included a PRN medication order for morphine that the nurse could administer if the pain score exceeded 6."

"loading dose"

A higher initial dose of a medication given to rapidly achieve a therapeutic blood concentration, followed by lower maintenance doses

"The physician ordered a loading dose of amiodarone to quickly control the patient's atrial fibrillation before starting the continuous infusion."

"contraindication"

A specific situation, condition, or drug interaction in which a medication should not be administered due to the risk of harm

"Metformin was listed as a contraindication in the surgical patient's chart due to the planned use of contrast dye during the procedure."

"titration"

The process of gradually adjusting a drug dose up or down based on the patient's response to achieve the desired therapeutic effect

"The nurse followed the vasopressor titration protocol, increasing the norepinephrine infusion rate every 15 minutes until the target blood pressure was reached."

"medication reconciliation"

The process of comparing a patient's current medication list with newly prescribed orders to identify and resolve discrepancies

"During admission, the nurse completed medication reconciliation and flagged a duplicate antihypertensive order for the prescriber to review."

"subcutaneous injection"

The administration of a drug into the fatty tissue layer just beneath the skin, commonly used for insulin and heparin

"The nurse administered the prophylactic heparin as a subcutaneous injection into the patient's abdomen, rotating the site from the previous dose."

"pressure injury"

Localised damage to the skin and underlying soft tissue caused by prolonged pressure or friction, especially over bony prominences

"A stage 2 pressure injury was identified on the patient's sacrum during the admission skin assessment, and a repositioning schedule was immediately implemented."

"wound debridement"

The removal of dead, damaged, or infected tissue from a wound to promote healing and reduce the risk of infection

"The wound care nurse performed sharp wound debridement to remove necrotic tissue and prepare the wound bed for a moisture-retentive dressing."

"granulation tissue"

New connective tissue and tiny blood vessels that form on the surface of a wound during the healing process, appearing pink and granular

"Healthy granulation tissue was visible in the base of the surgical wound, indicating that healing was progressing as expected."

"wound exudate"

The fluid that seeps from a wound — clear, serous, purulent, or bloody — which provides information about the wound's condition

"The nurse noted a significant increase in wound exudate over 24 hours and sent a wound swab for culture, suspecting early infection."

"occlusive dressing"

A wound covering that creates a moist, sealed environment to promote healing and protect against bacterial contamination

"The surgeon ordered an occlusive dressing for the post-operative incision to maintain a moist healing environment and reduce the risk of dehiscence."

"Braden scale"

A validated risk assessment tool used to predict a patient's likelihood of developing a pressure injury, scoring sensory perception, moisture, activity, mobility, nutrition, and friction

"The patient's Braden scale score of 14 indicated moderate risk, so the nurse placed a foam overlay on the mattress and scheduled two-hourly repositioning."

"wound dehiscence"

The partial or complete separation of the edges of a surgical wound that has been sutured or stapled closed

"The nurse discovered wound dehiscence at the abdominal incision on the third post-operative day and covered the area with a moist sterile dressing before calling the surgeon."

"periwound skin"

The area of skin immediately surrounding a wound, which must be protected from maceration, irritation, and breakdown during dressing changes

"The nurse applied a barrier film to the periwound skin to prevent moisture-associated damage from the heavily exuding leg ulcer."

"fluid balance"

The difference between all fluid intake (oral, intravenous, nasogastric) and all fluid output (urine, drainage, vomit, insensible losses) over a defined period

"The patient had a positive fluid balance of 1,800 mL over 24 hours, and the nurse contacted the physician to discuss whether a diuretic was indicated."

"cannulation"

The insertion of a hollow tube into a vein to deliver fluids, medication, or blood products, or to withdraw blood

"The nurse attempted cannulation in the antecubital fossa after the patient's hand veins were found to be too fragile for a peripheral IV line."

"isotonic solution"

An intravenous fluid with the same osmolarity as blood plasma, such as 0.9% sodium chloride, which does not cause cells to swell or shrink

"The emergency nurse initiated a bolus of isotonic solution to restore the hypotensive patient's circulating volume before the blood results returned."

"phlebitis"

Inflammation of a vein, commonly at a peripheral IV site, characterised by redness, warmth, swelling, and pain along the vessel

"The nurse identified phlebitis at the right forearm IV site, removed the cannula, and documented a grade 2 score on the Visual Infusion Phlebitis scale."

"infusion rate"

The volume of fluid delivered intravenously per unit of time, typically expressed in millilitres per hour

"The nurse programmed the infusion pump to deliver the antibiotic at an infusion rate of 100 mL per hour over 30 minutes per pharmacy guidelines."

"central venous catheter"

A long IV line inserted into a large central vein such as the subclavian or jugular, used for medications, fluids, or haemodynamic monitoring

"The ICU nurse performed daily care of the central venous catheter, including a chlorhexidine dressing change and line patency assessment."

"third spacing"

The abnormal movement of fluid from the vascular compartment into a space where it is not readily available for physiological function, such as ascites or tissue oedema

"Despite receiving several litres of IV fluid, the patient's blood pressure remained low due to third spacing following major abdominal surgery."

"extravasation"

The inadvertent infiltration of a vesicant or irritant medication into surrounding tissue rather than the intended vein

"The nurse stopped the chemotherapy infusion immediately upon detecting extravasation and followed the protocol for aspirating residual drug and applying a cold compress."

"oxygen saturation"

The percentage of haemoglobin molecules in the blood that are carrying oxygen, measured non-invasively by pulse oximetry

"The patient's oxygen saturation dropped to 88% on room air, prompting the nurse to apply supplemental oxygen at 2 L/min via nasal cannula."

"respiratory rate"

The number of breaths taken per minute, a sensitive early indicator of clinical deterioration that is often under-documented

"An elevated respiratory rate of 28 breaths per minute was the first sign that the patient's pneumonia was worsening despite antibiotic therapy."

"nebulisation"

The conversion of liquid medication into a fine mist for inhalation directly into the airways, used to deliver bronchodilators or steroids

"The nurse prepared a salbutamol nebulisation for the asthmatic patient whose peak flow had fallen to 40% of their personal best."

"tracheal suction"

The removal of secretions from the trachea and main bronchi using a suction catheter, performed in intubated or tracheostomised patients

"The nurse performed tracheal suction using a closed-circuit system to remove thick secretions that were causing the ventilated patient's oxygen saturation to decline."

"incentive spirometry"

A breathing exercise device that encourages patients to take slow, deep breaths to expand the lungs and prevent post-operative atelectasis

"The nurse instructed the post-operative patient to use incentive spirometry ten times every hour while awake to reduce the risk of pneumonia."

"atelectasis"

The partial or complete collapse of a lung or a section of a lung, commonly occurring after surgery or prolonged bed rest

"The chest X-ray confirmed left lower lobe atelectasis, and the physiotherapist was called to assist with breathing exercises and positional therapy."

"non-invasive ventilation"

Respiratory support delivered via a tight-fitting mask rather than an endotracheal tube, including CPAP and BiPAP, for patients who can breathe spontaneously

"The respiratory nurse initiated non-invasive ventilation with BiPAP for the COPD patient whose arterial blood gas showed rising carbon dioxide levels."

"cyanosis"

A bluish discolouration of the skin, lips, or nail beds caused by insufficient oxygen in the blood

"The nurse observed central cyanosis around the patient's lips and tongue and immediately escalated to the rapid response team."

"SBAR"

A structured communication tool — Situation, Background, Assessment, Recommendation — used by nurses to convey urgent patient information concisely to physicians

"The nurse used SBAR when calling the on-call doctor: "Mr Davies in bed 4 has become increasingly confused in the last hour and his systolic BP has dropped to 85.""

"clinical handover"

The transfer of professional responsibility and accountability for a patient from one clinician or team to another at a shift change or transfer of care

"The outgoing nurse conducted a thorough clinical handover at the bedside, allowing the incoming team to ask questions before taking over care."

"escalation"

The process of urgently communicating concern about a patient's deteriorating condition to a more senior clinician or a rapid response team

"After the patient's Early Warning Score rose to 7, the nurse initiated escalation to the medical registrar and prepared equipment for potential resuscitation."

"therapeutic communication"

A patient-centred communication approach using active listening, empathy, and open-ended questions to build trust and gather accurate clinical information

"Using therapeutic communication, the nurse sat at eye level with the anxious patient and asked open-ended questions before explaining the procedure."

"informed consent"

A patient's voluntary agreement to undergo a procedure or treatment after receiving clear, accurate information about the risks, benefits, and alternatives

"The nurse confirmed that informed consent had been documented in the chart and gave the patient time to ask further questions before the procedure began."

"nursing progress note"

A timed written or electronic entry in the patient's medical record documenting a clinical assessment, intervention, or change in condition

"The nurse entered a nursing progress note stating that the patient had refused evening medications and expressed concerns about side effects, referring the matter to the clinical pharmacist."

"end-of-life care"

Holistic support provided to patients approaching death and their families, focusing on comfort, dignity, symptom management, and emotional needs

"The palliative care team collaborated with nursing staff to develop an individualised end-of-life care plan that reflected the patient's wishes for comfort at home."

"discharge planning"

The process of preparing a patient to leave hospital safely, coordinating follow-up care, education, medications, and community services

"Discharge planning began on admission day for the hip replacement patient, ensuring home physiotherapy and stair rails were arranged before the anticipated discharge date."