Подготовка к экзаменам по английскому: стратегии и лексика
От метода исключения до дескрипторов баллов — эти 48 понятий охватывают всё необходимое для уверенной сдачи экзамена по английскому.
48 items · 6 topics
"process of elimination"
Removing answer choices you know are wrong to narrow down the correct answer — a key multiple-choice tactic.
""Using process of elimination, she ruled out two obviously wrong answers and guessed confidently between the remaining two.""
"time management"
Allocating a specific amount of time to each question or section so you finish the test without rushing.
""His time management was so good that he had five minutes left to review his reading answers.""
"skimming and scanning"
Skimming means reading quickly for the main idea; scanning means searching for specific information — both are vital reading-test skills.
""She skimmed the passage in 90 seconds to get the gist, then scanned for the date mentioned in question 3.""
"educated guess"
A reasoned guess based on partial knowledge, used when you are unsure of an answer but can eliminate unlikely options.
""He made an educated guess on the final grammar question after ruling out the two clearly wrong choices.""
"flagging questions"
Marking difficult questions to return to later, allowing you to complete easier questions first and maximise your score.
""She flagged three tricky reading questions, answered the rest, then came back with fresh eyes.""
"pacing yourself"
Maintaining a steady, controlled speed throughout the exam so you don't sprint at the start and stall at the end.
""He reminded himself to pace himself — rushing through part one always cost him marks in part three.""
"active listening"
Fully concentrating on audio input, anticipating content, and taking concise notes — essential for listening-section success.
""Her active listening skills meant she caught the speaker's tone shift that signalled a change in opinion.""
"transfer of training"
Applying skills practised in study sessions directly to exam conditions — achieved through timed, exam-style practice.
""Daily timed essays improved his transfer of training so that exam conditions no longer stressed him.""
"inference"
A conclusion reached by reasoning from evidence in the text — many test questions ask you to infer rather than quote directly.
""The question asked her to make an inference about the author's attitude, which wasn't stated outright.""
"paraphrase"
Rewriting an idea in different words while keeping the same meaning — used heavily in matching and summary tasks.
""The correct answer was a paraphrase of the passage; she almost missed it because the wording was so different.""
"context clues"
Words or phrases surrounding an unfamiliar word that help you work out its meaning without a dictionary.
""He guessed that 'lethargic' meant tired by using the context clues: the character had slept poorly for days.""
"synonym substitution"
Replacing a word with one that has a similar meaning — useful for understanding paraphrased questions and answers.
""She spotted that the question used 'prohibited' as a synonym substitution for 'banned' in the text.""
"topic sentence"
The sentence that states the main idea of a paragraph — usually the first or second sentence; crucial for skimming.
""By reading only the topic sentence of each paragraph, he understood the article's structure in under two minutes.""
"implicit meaning"
Information that is suggested or implied by the text but not directly stated — a common source of reading-comprehension questions.
""The implicit meaning of the passage was that the government had failed, though those words were never used.""
"text structure"
The way a passage is organised — e.g., cause-effect, compare-contrast, problem-solution — which predicts where key information sits.
""Recognising a compare-contrast text structure helped her locate the specific differences the question asked about.""
"word root"
A base element of a word that carries core meaning — knowing Latin/Greek roots helps you decode unfamiliar academic vocabulary.
""Knowing the root 'bio' (life) helped him work out 'biodegradable' in the science passage.""
"signposting language"
Phrases speakers use to signal structure — e.g., "firstly", "in contrast", "to summarise" — that tell you what kind of information is coming.
""When the lecturer said 'in contrast', she knew a difference was coming and prepared to note it.""
"note-taking shorthand"
A personal system of abbreviations and symbols used to capture spoken information quickly during a listening task.
""His note-taking shorthand — 'b/c' for because, '→' for leads to — let him record details without missing the next sentence.""
"distractor"
Information in a listening track that sounds like the answer but is incorrect — designed to mislead test-takers.
""The speaker mentioned £50 first, but corrected herself to £15; the distractor almost caught him.""
"monologue"
A single speaker talking at length — common in IELTS Section 4 and TOEFL lectures, requiring sustained concentration.
""The final listening section was a monologue by a professor, which he found harder than the conversation format.""
"turn-taking cues"
Signals in conversation — pauses, rising intonation, phrases like "what do you think?" — that indicate a speaker change.
""Recognising turn-taking cues helped her track which speaker was giving which opinion in the dialogue.""
"prediction before listening"
Using question stems and answer options to anticipate the content before the audio plays — reduces cognitive load during listening.
""She spent the 30 seconds of reading time doing prediction before listening, which helped her focus on key details.""
"accent variation"
Differences in pronunciation and rhythm across regional and national accents — tests increasingly use diverse accents.
""His preparation included podcasts with Australian and Scottish speakers to get used to accent variation.""
"gist listening"
Listening for the overall topic or main idea rather than every word — useful for identifying the purpose of a listening passage.
""Gist listening in the first 20 seconds helped her choose the correct title for the recording.""
"thesis statement"
A single sentence that clearly presents the main argument or position of an essay — typically the last sentence of the introduction.
""Her thesis statement, 'Urban farming can significantly reduce food insecurity in megacities,' gave her essay clear direction.""
"coherence and cohesion"
Coherence means ideas flow logically; cohesion means sentences are connected using linking words and pronouns — both are scored criteria.
""The examiner praised his coherence and cohesion, noting his smooth transitions between every paragraph.""
"lexical resource"
The range and accuracy of vocabulary you use — one of the four IELTS/TOEFL writing band descriptors.
""Her lexical resource score dropped because she repeated 'important' five times instead of varying her word choice.""
"hedging language"
Words and phrases that soften claims — e.g., "tends to", "may suggest", "it could be argued" — favoured in academic writing.
""He used hedging language throughout his essay: 'This may indicate' rather than 'This proves'.""
"counter-argument"
An opposing viewpoint that you acknowledge and then refute, strengthening your essay by showing you have considered multiple perspectives.
""Her counter-argument paragraph acknowledged that remote work has drawbacks before explaining why the benefits outweigh them.""
"task response"
How fully and accurately your essay addresses the specific question asked — the first and most important writing assessment criterion.
""He scored low on task response because he wrote generally about pollution rather than answering the question about urban transport.""
"data description language"
Phrases used to interpret graphs and charts — e.g., "increased sharply", "reached a peak of", "fluctuated between" — vital for IELTS Task 1.
""She memorised a bank of data description language phrases so she could write her graph essay fluently under time pressure.""
"parallel structure"
Using the same grammatical form for items in a list or series — improves readability and shows grammatical control.
""Her sentence had parallel structure: 'The policy was fair, affordable, and easy to implement.'""
"fluency"
The ability to speak smoothly and continuously without unnatural pauses or hesitations — a primary speaking-test criterion.
""Her fluency impressed the examiner; she spoke for two minutes without a single long pause or repetition.""
"pronunciation"
Clear, intelligible articulation of sounds, stress, and intonation — not about having a native accent, but being easily understood.
""His pronunciation of multisyllabic words was excellent because he had practised word stress patterns daily.""
"discourse markers"
Words and phrases that organise spoken ideas — e.g., "as I was saying", "to put it another way", "what's more" — signal structure and buy thinking time.
""She used the discourse marker 'That's an interesting question' to gather her thoughts before answering.""
"extending an answer"
Adding reasons, examples, or contrasts to a short answer to show depth of language ability and avoid one-word responses.
""Instead of just saying 'I like reading', he practised extending an answer by adding why and when he reads.""
"intonation pattern"
The rise and fall of pitch across a sentence — conveys attitude, distinguishes questions from statements, and affects how natural you sound.
""She worked on her intonation pattern to avoid the flat, monotone delivery that had cost her marks in her mock test.""
"circumlocution"
Describing something in other words when you don't know or can't recall the exact term — shows resourcefulness rather than weakness.
""When he forgot the word 'thermostat', he used circumlocution: 'the device on the wall that controls the temperature'.""
"cue card task"
IELTS Speaking Part 2: a one-to-two minute monologue based on a prompt card, testing ability to speak at length without interruption.
""She prepared for the cue card task by practising with a timer and structuring her answer: what, when, why.""
"lexical variety"
Using a range of different words and expressions rather than repeating the same ones — reflects a broad active vocabulary.
""The examiner noted her impressive lexical variety: she never repeated an adjective throughout the entire speaking section.""
"conditional sentences"
Structures expressing hypothetical situations — zero, first, second, and third conditionals — frequently tested in grammar and writing sections.
""Her essay correctly used third conditionals: 'If the policy had been implemented, emissions would have fallen.'""
"passive voice"
A verb form where the subject receives the action — common in academic and report writing; over-use is penalised.
""He rewrote his essay to balance active and passive voice, which raised his grammatical range score.""
"reported speech"
Converting direct speech to indirect speech — involves tense backshift, pronoun changes, and time expression changes.
""The grammar question asked her to convert 'I am leaving now' into reported speech: 'She said she was leaving then.'""
"relative clauses"
Clauses using who, which, that, whose to add information about a noun — defining vs. non-defining clauses are a common test point.
""He scored full marks on the relative clauses task by correctly using commas to mark the non-defining clause.""
"CEFR level"
The Common European Framework of Reference scale (A1–C2) used to describe language proficiency — IELTS 7.0 ≈ C1, 8.0 ≈ C2.
""Knowing her CEFR level was B2 helped her set a realistic target of IELTS 6.5 for her university application.""
"band descriptor"
An official description of what a test-taker must demonstrate at each score level — reading band descriptors helps you understand what examiners reward.
""She studied the band descriptor for IELTS Writing Band 7 to understand exactly what coherence improvements she needed.""
"integrated task"
A task requiring test-takers to synthesise reading and/or listening input with their own writing or speaking — distinctive to TOEFL.
""The TOEFL integrated task required her to read an article, listen to a lecture, then write how the lecture related to the text.""
"error correction"
Identifying and fixing mistakes in grammar, punctuation, or word choice — a direct test format in Cambridge Use of English papers.
""The error correction exercise asked him to find one mistake per line; he identified a missing article in line four.""
Частые вопросы
Сколько времени нужно на подготовку к IELTS или TOEFL?
Большинству учащихся требуется 2–6 месяцев целенаправленной подготовки в зависимости от исходного уровня. При уровне B2 (IELTS 5.5) достижение Band 7 обычно требует 3–4 месяцев ежедневной практики по всем четырём навыкам плюс стратегия.
Какой навык важнее всего улучшить для IELTS?
Письмо обычно является самым сложным, поскольку одновременно требует ответа на задание, связности, лексического ресурса и грамматической точности. Большинство кандидатов получают оценку как минимум на полбалла ниже за письмо, чем за другие разделы.
TOEFL сложнее IELTS?
Ни один из них объективно не сложнее — они проверяют разные вещи. TOEFL использует академический контекст американского английского с комплексными заданиями, тогда как IELTS использует смесь акцентов. Выбирайте исходя из требований вашего университета или работодателя.
Как быстро улучшить результат в аудировании IELTS?
Быстрее всего помогает умение распознавать «ловушки» и практика с тайм-аутом на подлинных аудиозаписях. Сосредоточьтесь на сигнальных словах, чтобы предвидеть ключевую информацию, и практикуйте стенографирование.
Нужна ли идеальная грамматика для IELTS Band 8?
Нет. Band 8 допускает отдельные ошибки — вам не нужно быть безупречным. Сосредоточьтесь на широком диапазоне сложных структур (условные, определительные придаточные, пассивный залог), а не на устранении каждой мелкой ошибки.
Самый быстрый способ усвоить экзаменационную лексику — через аутентичные материалы на английском.
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