上級英語アカデミックライティング
学術誌論文から博士論文まで、権威・精度・学術的洗練さをもって書くために必要なすべて。
48 items · 6 topics
"It is contended that"
Used to introduce a formal argument or claim in academic prose
"It is contended that current climate models systematically underestimate feedback loops."
"the preponderance of evidence suggests"
Indicates the bulk of evidence points in one direction
"The preponderance of evidence suggests that early intervention significantly improves outcomes."
"this claim warrants scrutiny"
Signals that a statement requires critical examination
"This claim warrants scrutiny, as the original dataset contains several methodological anomalies."
"a compelling case can be made for"
Introduces a strong line of argument
"A compelling case can be made for restructuring public health funding along preventative lines."
"runs counter to"
Directly contradicts an established position
"This finding runs counter to the dominant paradigm in cognitive neuroscience."
"lends credence to"
Provides support for a view or hypothesis
"The replication study lends credence to the original authors' conclusions."
"it stands to reason that"
Something logically follows from evidence already given
"If corporate governance is weak, it stands to reason that agency costs will be higher."
"the burden of proof rests with"
Identifies who must provide justification for a claim
"The burden of proof rests with those who challenge the null hypothesis."
"the data are broadly consistent with"
Results align with a view but do not definitively prove it
"The data are broadly consistent with a demand-pull explanation of inflation."
"there is tentative evidence to suggest"
Early or limited evidence points in a direction
"There is tentative evidence to suggest that microplastic exposure affects hormone regulation."
"it would appear that"
A cautious way of presenting a conclusion
"It would appear that the intervention had a modest but statistically significant effect."
"under certain conditions"
Limits the scope of a claim to specific circumstances
"Under certain conditions, price ceilings can lead to welfare gains for consumers."
"cannot be entirely discounted"
A possibility should not be ruled out completely
"The role of genetic predisposition cannot be entirely discounted in this context."
"this interpretation remains contested"
Experts disagree about the meaning of findings
"This interpretation remains contested within the archaeological community."
"one possible explanation is"
Offers a hypothesis without asserting certainty
"One possible explanation is that participants adjusted their behaviour due to observation effects."
"arguably"
Signals a view that can be debated but is defensible
"This is arguably the most significant limitation of the study design."
"notwithstanding the above"
Despite what has just been stated, a contrasting point follows
"Notwithstanding the above, the model retains considerable explanatory power."
"to this end"
For this specific purpose; in order to achieve this goal
"To this end, three experimental conditions were designed and piloted."
"by the same token"
For the same reason; in the same way
"By the same token, a reduction in supply will raise equilibrium price."
"it follows that"
This is a logical consequence of what was just stated
"It follows that any policy addressing root causes will outperform symptomatic interventions."
"as will become apparent"
Signals that a point will be clarified later in the text
"As will become apparent, these two variables interact in complex ways."
"in so far as"
To the extent that; only under the condition that
"The model is valid in so far as its simplifying assumptions hold."
"taken together"
Combining all findings or points to form a conclusion
"Taken together, these results point to a clear causal mechanism."
"the foregoing discussion suggests"
Refers back to earlier points to draw a conclusion
"The foregoing discussion suggests that a mixed-methods approach is most appropriate here."
"the aim of this section is to"
Announces the specific purpose of a section
"The aim of this section is to critically evaluate competing theoretical frameworks."
"it is worth emphasising that"
Draws the reader's attention to a particularly important point
"It is worth emphasising that correlation does not imply causation."
"as noted in Chapter 2"
Refers to an earlier part of the text to maintain coherence
"As noted in Chapter 2, the theoretical underpinnings differ substantially between schools."
"to recapitulate"
To briefly summarise what has been discussed
"To recapitulate: three main gaps in the literature have been identified."
"the remainder of this paper is structured as follows"
Classic academic signpost previewing document organisation
"The remainder of this paper is structured as follows: Section 2 reviews the literature."
"this raises the question of"
Transitions to a new problem or issue that emerges naturally
"This raises the question of whether qualitative data alone can support such broad generalisations."
"to elaborate on this point"
Signals that more detail will be given on a specific idea
"To elaborate on this point, the authors conducted a follow-up experiment with a larger sample."
"in what follows"
Introduces the content of the coming section
"In what follows, we examine each variable in turn."
"this study is limited by"
Identifies a constraint affecting the validity of findings
"This study is limited by the small, homogeneous sample drawn from a single institution."
"fails to account for"
Identifies something that an argument or study overlooks
"The model fails to account for the dynamic nature of consumer preferences."
"conflates two distinct concepts"
Criticises a failure to distinguish between separate ideas
"The author conflates two distinct concepts: intent and culpability."
"is at odds with"
Contradicts or is incompatible with
"This assertion is at odds with the empirical record of the past two decades."
"the generalisability of these findings is questionable"
Questions whether results can be applied more broadly
"The generalisability of these findings is questionable given the highly specific laboratory conditions."
"a more nuanced reading would suggest"
Proposes a more sophisticated interpretation than the one offered
"A more nuanced reading would suggest that both structural and agency-based factors are at play."
"the operationalisation of X is problematic"
Questions how a concept was defined or measured in practice
"The operationalisation of "wellbeing" in this study is problematic, relying solely on self-report measures."
"this does not necessarily follow"
The conclusion drawn does not logically follow from the evidence
"A correlation between variables A and B does not necessarily follow that A causes B."
"epistemological underpinnings"
The foundational assumptions about knowledge that support a theory or study
"The epistemological underpinnings of critical realism differ fundamentally from those of positivism."
"ontological stance"
A researcher's assumptions about the nature of reality
"The study's ontological stance positions social structures as independent of individual perception."
"theoretical saturation"
The point in qualitative research when new data yield no new insights
"Sampling continued until theoretical saturation was reached after the fourteenth interview."
"methodological triangulation"
Using multiple methods to validate findings
"Methodological triangulation—combining surveys, interviews, and observation—strengthened validity."
"conceptual framework"
A structured set of concepts and their relationships guiding a study
"The conceptual framework drew on complexity theory and institutional economics."
"positionality"
The researcher's identity, values, and perspective relative to the study
"The researcher's positionality as an insider was both an asset and a potential source of bias."
"axiomatic assumptions"
Foundational beliefs accepted without proof that underpin a theory
"Rational choice models rest on axiomatic assumptions about preference consistency."
"analytical rigour"
Systematic, disciplined, and transparent conduct of analysis
"Analytical rigour was ensured through systematic coding, member-checking, and audit trails."
よくある質問
学術ライティングにおけるヘッジングとは何ですか？
ヘッジングとは、「～を示す暫定的な証拠がある」などのフレーズを用いて、適切な慎重さで主張を表現することです。信頼性の高い学術散文の特徴です。
博士レベルのライティングは学部レベルとどう違いますか？
博士論文には、理論的立場の精確さ、文献への批判的関与、方法論的透明性、分野固有のメタ言語の使用が求められます。
メタ談話とは何ですか？なぜ重要ですか？
メタ談話とはテキスト自体について語る言語です。道案内、枠組み設定、読者へのガイド機能を果たし、複雑な論拠を読み解くのを助けます。
学術ライティングで結束性が重要なのはなぜですか？
結束性は文と段落を統一した論拠に結び付けます。「総合すると」「前述にもかかわらず」などのフレーズが明示的な論理的橋渡しを作ります。
英語の学術ライティングを練習するには？
最も効果的な方法は、自分の分野の学術誌論文を幅広く読み、意図的なライティング練習と組み合わせることです。学術講演の聴取も正式な表現への感覚を磨きます。
大学講義や学術会議の講演を聴いて、アカデミックライティングを加速させましょう。
講義で学術語彙を鍛える →