銀行英語：必須語彙とフレーズ

"liquidity"

A bank's ability to meet its short-term financial obligations by converting assets into cash quickly without significant loss.

"The central bank injected funds into the market to support the liquidity of commercial banks during the crisis."

"capital adequacy ratio (CAR)"

A measure of a bank's available capital expressed as a percentage of its risk-weighted credit exposures.

"Regulators require banks to maintain a capital adequacy ratio of at least 8% under the Basel III framework."

"net interest margin (NIM)"

The difference between the interest income a bank earns on loans and the interest it pays on deposits, expressed as a percentage of earning assets.

"Rising interest rates improved the bank's net interest margin by 0.4 percentage points."

"non-performing loan (NPL)"

A loan on which the borrower has not made scheduled payments for 90 days or more, indicating a risk of default.

"The bank set aside additional provisions as its non-performing loan ratio rose to 4.2%."

"fractional reserve banking"

A system in which banks hold only a fraction of customer deposits as reserves and lend out the remainder.

"Fractional reserve banking allows the financial system to expand the money supply beyond the base money created by the central bank."

"correspondent banking"

An arrangement in which one bank holds accounts and provides services on behalf of another bank, typically for cross-border transactions.

"The regional bank used a large international bank as its correspondent for dollar-denominated wire transfers."

"interbank rate"

The interest rate charged on short-term loans between banks in the wholesale money market.

"The interbank rate spiked overnight as banks scrambled for liquidity at the end of the quarter."

"tier 1 capital"

A bank's core equity capital plus disclosed reserves, used as the primary measure of financial strength under Basel rules.

"After the rights issue, the bank's tier 1 capital ratio improved from 11.2% to 13.6%."

"credit facility"

A pre-approved borrowing arrangement that allows a client to draw funds up to a set limit at agreed terms without applying for a new loan each time.

"The company drew on its revolving credit facility to fund working capital during the seasonal peak."

"loan-to-value ratio (LTV)"

The ratio of a loan amount to the appraised value of the asset used as collateral, expressed as a percentage.

"The mortgage was approved at an 80% loan-to-value ratio, requiring a 20% down payment from the borrower."

"debt service coverage ratio (DSCR)"

A measure of a borrower's ability to repay debt, calculated by dividing net operating income by total debt service obligations.

"The lender required a minimum debt service coverage ratio of 1.25 before approving the commercial real estate loan."

"covenant"

A condition in a loan agreement that the borrower must comply with, such as maintaining a minimum financial ratio or restricting additional borrowing.

"The company breached its interest cover covenant, triggering a meeting with its lending syndicate."

"syndicated loan"

A large loan provided by a group of lenders (a syndicate) that share the credit risk and are managed by one or more arranging banks.

"A syndicate of seven banks provided the $2.5 billion syndicated loan for the acquisition financing."

"collateral"

An asset pledged by a borrower to a lender as security for a loan, which the lender may seize if the borrower defaults.

"The business owner offered her commercial property as collateral against the term loan."

"credit rating"

An assessment by an agency of a borrower's ability to repay debt, expressed as a letter grade such as AAA, BB, or CCC.

"Following the profit warning, the agency downgraded the company's credit rating from BBB+ to BB."

"drawdown"

The act of accessing funds from an approved credit facility or loan commitment by the borrower.

"The first drawdown of €10 million from the construction loan facility was made when planning permission was granted."

"foreign exchange (FX) spot rate"

The current exchange rate for the immediate delivery of one currency in exchange for another, typically settled within two business days.

"The treasurer locked in the FX spot rate to convert the euro receipts into dollars before the rate weakened further."

"forward contract"

An agreement to buy or sell a currency or commodity at a fixed price on a specified future date, used to hedge against price movements.

"The importer used a forward contract to hedge its dollar exposure six months ahead of a large supplier payment."

"interest rate swap"

A derivative contract in which two parties exchange a fixed interest rate for a floating rate on a notional principal amount.

"The company entered an interest rate swap to convert its variable-rate debt to a fixed rate and reduce cashflow uncertainty."

"yield curve"

A graph showing the relationship between interest rates and the time to maturity of debt instruments of the same credit quality.

"An inverted yield curve, where short-term rates exceed long-term rates, is often seen as a recession signal."

"repo (repurchase agreement)"

A short-term borrowing arrangement in which securities are sold and agreed to be repurchased at a slightly higher price on a later date.

"The bank financed part of its bond portfolio through overnight repo transactions in the money market."

"basis points (bps)"

A unit of measurement equal to one-hundredth of one percentage point, used to describe small changes in interest rates or yields.

"The central bank raised its policy rate by 25 basis points, bringing it to 4.50%."

"mark-to-market"

The practice of valuing a financial instrument at its current market price rather than its historical cost or face value.

"The trading book suffered a mark-to-market loss of $8 million when bond prices fell sharply."

"nostro account"

A bank account held by a domestic bank at a foreign bank in the foreign currency, used to facilitate cross-border settlements.

"The bank's New York nostro account was used to settle all US dollar payments on behalf of its overseas clients."

"overdraft"

A facility that allows a current account holder to spend more than the available balance, up to an agreed limit, creating a negative balance.

"The customer was charged a fee when she exceeded her agreed overdraft limit by £200 at the end of the month."

"standing order"

An instruction from an account holder to their bank to make a regular fixed payment to a specified recipient on set dates.

"He set up a standing order to transfer £500 into his savings account on the first of every month."

"direct debit"

An instruction authorising a third party to collect varying or fixed amounts directly from a bank account on agreed dates.

"The utility company collects the monthly bill via direct debit, with the amount varying according to usage."

"annual percentage rate (APR)"

The total yearly cost of borrowing money, including interest and fees, expressed as a single percentage rate for comparison purposes.

"Before signing the personal loan agreement, the adviser explained that the APR was 9.9%, inclusive of all charges."

"current account"

A transactional bank account used for everyday spending, bill payments, and salary credits, typically offering unlimited transactions.

"She opened a current account to receive her salary and manage her monthly household expenses."

"fixed-rate mortgage"

A home loan on which the interest rate remains constant for a set period, providing certainty over monthly repayments.

"They chose a five-year fixed-rate mortgage to protect themselves from potential interest rate rises."

"know your customer (KYC)"

The mandatory process by which banks verify the identity and assess the risk profile of existing and potential customers.

"The bank asked for proof of address and a government-issued ID as part of its KYC process for new account applicants."

"chargeback"

A reversal of a credit or debit card payment initiated by the cardholder's bank after the customer disputes a transaction.

"The customer filed a chargeback claim after the online retailer failed to deliver the goods within the promised timeframe."

"initial public offering (IPO)"

The first time a private company sells its shares to the public on a stock exchange, raising capital and providing an exit for early investors.

"The technology company raised $800 million in its initial public offering on the New York Stock Exchange."

"book runner"

The lead investment bank responsible for managing a securities issuance, building the order book of investor demand, and allocating shares.

"Goldman Sachs was appointed as sole book runner for the €500 million bond offering."

"merger and acquisition (M&A)"

Corporate transactions in which companies are combined (merger) or one company purchases another (acquisition) to achieve strategic goals.

"The bank's M&A advisory team advised the pharmaceutical group on its $3 billion acquisition of a biotech rival."

"due diligence"

A comprehensive investigation and analysis of a business or investment opportunity conducted before completing a deal.

"The acquiring company spent six weeks carrying out financial and legal due diligence before submitting a binding offer."

"leveraged buyout (LBO)"

The acquisition of a company using a significant amount of borrowed money, with the target's assets and cash flows used to repay the debt.

"The private equity firm completed a leveraged buyout of the retailer, financing 70% of the purchase price with debt."

"roadshow"

A series of presentations made by a company and its investment bank to potential investors ahead of an IPO or bond issuance.

"The management team spent two weeks on the roadshow, meeting institutional investors in London, New York, and Hong Kong."

"underwriting"

The process by which an investment bank guarantees to purchase any unsold portion of a new securities issue, bearing the risk of distribution.

"The bank earned a 2% underwriting fee for guaranteeing the placement of all shares in the rights issue."

"tombstone"

A printed or digital announcement advertising a completed financial transaction, named after its traditional black-bordered format.

"The bank added the tombstone to its deal wall, commemorating its role as lead arranger on the landmark infrastructure bond."

"anti-money laundering (AML)"

A set of laws, regulations, and procedures designed to prevent the process of making illegally obtained money appear legitimate.

"The bank was fined $200 million for failures in its anti-money laundering controls and transaction monitoring systems."

"stress testing"

A simulation technique used by regulators and banks to assess whether a bank could withstand a severe economic or financial shock.

"The Federal Reserve's annual stress testing found that the country's largest banks held sufficient capital to survive a severe recession."

"Basel III"

An international regulatory framework developed by the Basel Committee setting global standards for bank capital, leverage, and liquidity.

"Under Basel III requirements, the bank had to increase its common equity tier 1 ratio to a minimum of 4.5%."

"credit risk"

The potential for loss arising from a borrower's failure to repay a loan or meet other contractual obligations.

"The bank's credit risk committee reviewed the concentration of exposure to the real estate sector."

"operational risk"

The risk of loss resulting from inadequate or failed internal processes, people, systems, or external events, including fraud and IT failures.

"The operational risk team identified the manual reconciliation process as a key vulnerability requiring automation."

"suspicious activity report (SAR)"

A mandatory report filed by a financial institution with regulators when a transaction is suspected of involving money laundering or other financial crime.

"The compliance officer filed a suspicious activity report after identifying a series of unusually large cash deposits."

"regulatory capital"

The minimum amount of capital that a bank is required to hold by its regulator to absorb potential losses and maintain solvency.

"The acquisition was structured to minimise the impact on the bank's regulatory capital ratios."

"market risk"

The risk of losses in a bank's trading portfolio due to adverse movements in market prices, including interest rates, equity prices, and exchange rates.

"The treasury team used value-at-risk models to quantify the bank's daily market risk exposure."