上級建設英語：専門語彙とフレーズ

"liquidated damages"

A pre-agreed sum specified in a contract that the contractor must pay for each day or week of delay beyond the completion date

"The employer deducted liquidated damages of £5,000 per week after the contractor overran by three weeks."

"retention money"

A percentage of each payment certificate withheld by the employer until practical completion and the end of the defects liability period

"Retention money of 5% was held against each interim payment and released in two halves at practical completion and after the defects period."

"provisional sum"

An allowance included in a contract for work whose full scope or cost cannot be defined at the time of tendering

"A provisional sum of £80,000 was included for specialist acoustic treatment that would be detailed in a later design stage."

"novation"

The legal transfer of a contract from one party to another, with all rights and obligations passing to the new party

"The design consultant's contract was novated from the employer to the main contractor when the project switched to a design-and-build procurement route."

"performance bond"

A financial guarantee provided by a surety on behalf of the contractor, payable to the employer if the contractor fails to fulfil contractual obligations

"The client required a 10% performance bond from the contractor before issuing the letter of intent."

"extension of time"

A formal contractual entitlement granted to the contractor to extend the completion date due to events outside its control

"The contractor submitted a well-substantiated extension of time claim after a month-long national cement shortage delayed the concrete works."

"adjudication"

A statutory dispute-resolution process in which a third-party adjudicator makes a temporarily binding decision on a construction dispute within 28 days

"Rather than litigate the variation dispute, both parties agreed to refer the matter to adjudication for a swift resolution."

"entire agreement clause"

A contract provision stating that the written contract represents the complete and final agreement between the parties, superseding all prior negotiations

"The entire agreement clause prevented the contractor from relying on assurances made during pre-contract negotiations."

"global claim"

A claim that bundles multiple causation events together without establishing a direct causal link between each event and the specific loss alleged

"The court rejected the contractor's global claim because no causal nexus was demonstrated between individual delay events and the losses claimed."

"disruption claim"

A claim for additional costs incurred when the contractor's planned method of working is interrupted or impeded, reducing productivity

"The disruption claim was supported by a detailed measured mile analysis comparing actual productivity with planned productivity."

"loss and expense"

Additional cost suffered by a contractor due to a qualifying event — such as a variation or employer delay — that is not otherwise reimbursed under the contract

"The contractor submitted a loss and expense claim for prolonged site overheads resulting from the late nomination of a specialist subcontractor."

"without prejudice"

A legal designation meaning that communications made under this label cannot be used as evidence in subsequent litigation or arbitration

"The parties exchanged without prejudice correspondence in an attempt to negotiate a settlement before arbitration commenced."

"concurrent delay"

A situation in which two or more delay events, attributable to different parties, occur at the same time and each independently causes a delay to project completion

"The adjudicator found concurrent delay and awarded a time extension without additional money, reflecting each party's contribution to the overrun."

"contractor's programme"

A detailed schedule submitted by the contractor showing the planned sequence, timing and resource allocation for all construction activities

"The employer's failure to approve revised drawings by the date shown on the contractor's programme formed the basis of the delay claim."

"quantum meruit"

A Latin principle meaning "as much as is deserved", applied when no price has been agreed and a court awards a reasonable sum for work done

"When the letter of intent expired without a formal contract, the contractor was entitled to payment on a quantum meruit basis."

"force majeure"

A contractual clause that excuses a party from performance obligations due to extraordinary events beyond its reasonable control

"The pandemic was accepted as a force majeure event, entitling the contractor to an extension of time but not additional payment."

"earned value analysis"

A project control technique that measures cost and schedule performance by comparing the budgeted value of work performed against actual costs and planned values

"Earned value analysis at week 20 revealed a cost performance index of 0.87, indicating the project was running 13% over budget."

"cost plan"

A structured estimate of the anticipated cost of a construction project, aligned to design stages and updated as the design develops

"The quantity surveyor issued an updated cost plan at RIBA Stage 3 incorporating the revised structural frame specification."

"value engineering"

A systematic process of analysing the functions of project elements to achieve required performance at the lowest overall cost

"Value engineering workshops at design stage identified £1.2 million of savings without compromising the building's functional brief."

"contingency allowance"

An amount added to a cost estimate to cover unforeseen events, design development or risks that have been identified but not fully quantified

"A 10% contingency allowance was built into the approved budget to cover ground investigation risks on the brownfield site."

"daywork"

A method of valuing varied or additional construction work based on the actual cost of labour, plant and materials plus a percentage addition, rather than at contract rates

"Unforeseen rock excavation was valued on daywork because no suitable rate existed in the contract bills of quantities."

"preliminaries"

The items in a bill of quantities that cover the contractor's site establishment costs, management, supervision and other items not directly attributable to a specific work package

"Preliminaries accounted for 14% of the contract sum, reflecting the complexity of the constrained urban site."

"cash flow forecast"

A projection of the timing and value of payments flowing between the employer and contractor over the construction programme

"The cash flow forecast showed a peak monthly expenditure of £3.8 million during the structural steelwork erection period."

"final account"

The agreed financial statement produced at the end of a project that sets out the total sum due to the contractor after all adjustments, claims and variations have been valued

"Agreeing the final account took six months because of unresolved variations relating to late employer instructions."

"design-and-build"

A procurement route in which a single contractor is responsible for both the design and construction of the project under one contract

"The client chose design-and-build to transfer design risk to the contractor and achieve greater price certainty at an early stage."

"management contracting"

A procurement method in which a management contractor is paid a fee to manage and coordinate a series of works contractors on behalf of the client

"Management contracting was selected for the fast-track retail fit-out because it allowed construction to begin before the full design was complete."

"gateway review"

A formal assurance review carried out at defined decision points in a project's lifecycle to confirm it is ready to proceed to the next stage

"The government major projects authority conducted a gateway review before approving the release of construction funding."

"stakeholder engagement plan"

A document that identifies project stakeholders, their interests and concerns, and sets out how and when they will be consulted and communicated with

"The stakeholder engagement plan required monthly briefings with the local authority and quarterly updates to affected residents."

"earned schedule"

An extension of earned value analysis that measures schedule performance in time units rather than cost, providing a more accurate forecast of project completion

"Earned schedule calculations indicated the project would finish six weeks late despite a favourable cost performance index."

"integrated project insurance"

A single insurance policy covering the entire project team — client, designers and contractors — against construction risks under a collaborative delivery model

"Integrated project insurance removed the adversarial dynamic of traditional contracting by aligning all parties behind a single performance incentive."

"project execution plan"

A master document prepared by the contractor that describes how the project will be managed, organised and delivered in accordance with the contract

"The project execution plan was submitted within 28 days of contract award and covered logistics, safety, quality and environmental management."

"milestone payment"

A contractual payment linked to the achievement of a specific project milestone rather than a regular valuation cycle

"Milestone payments were tied to the completion of piling, structural frame, watertight envelope and handover to reduce the employer's payment risk."

"embodied carbon"

The total greenhouse gas emissions associated with extracting, manufacturing, transporting and constructing the materials that make up a building

"Switching from in-situ concrete to cross-laminated timber reduced the embodied carbon of the superstructure by 40%."

"BREEAM certification"

A widely used sustainability assessment method for buildings, awarding ratings from Pass to Outstanding based on energy, water, ecology, materials and other criteria

"The office development achieved a BREEAM Excellent certification, enhancing its attractiveness to ESG-conscious occupiers."

"net zero carbon"

A building or construction project in which the carbon emitted through energy use and materials is balanced by carbon removals, certified offsets or on-site renewable generation

"The hospital was designed to a net zero carbon standard, with a ground-source heat pump and rooftop photovoltaic panels covering all operational energy needs."

"whole-life carbon"

The total carbon emissions over a building's entire lifecycle — including construction, operation, maintenance, refurbishment and demolition

"The client mandated a whole-life carbon assessment to compare the long-term environmental impact of three structural frame options."

"circular economy"

An economic model applied to construction that prioritises keeping materials in use for as long as possible through reuse, refurbishment, remanufacturing and recycling

"The circular economy strategy required that 90% of demolition waste be sorted on site and diverted from landfill."

"materials passport"

A digital record of the composition, origin and technical properties of materials used in a building, enabling future recovery and reuse

"A materials passport was created for every structural component so that the building could be deconstructed and materials reclaimed at end of life."

"thermal bridge"

A localised area in a building envelope where heat is conducted more readily than through the surrounding construction, creating a path for heat loss

"Continuous insulation was installed at the balcony junction to eliminate the thermal bridge and prevent condensation on the internal soffit."

"passive design"

An architectural and engineering approach that uses the building's form, orientation, fabric and natural ventilation to minimise energy demand without active mechanical systems

"Passive design measures — deep window overhangs, high thermal mass and cross-ventilation — eliminated the need for air conditioning in the school building."

"common data environment"

A single, shared digital workspace where project information is stored, managed and distributed in a controlled manner throughout the project lifecycle

"All design models, drawings and technical submissions were uploaded to the common data environment and tracked through a formal review workflow."

"BIM execution plan"

A document that defines the BIM objectives, processes, data requirements and responsibilities for all project team members on a BIM-enabled project

"The BIM execution plan specified that all models would be delivered in IFC format and coordinated weekly using clash detection software."

"clash detection"

The automated process of checking multiple discipline models — structural, mechanical, electrical — against each other to identify spatial conflicts before construction

"Clash detection identified over 200 conflicts between the mechanical ducts and the structural beams that were resolved before any steelwork was fabricated."

"digital twin"

A virtual replica of a physical asset that is continuously updated with real-time operational data, enabling performance monitoring and predictive maintenance

"The facility management team used the digital twin to monitor energy consumption and predict when HVAC components would require servicing."

"level of information need"

The specification of what information about a building element is required, by whom and at which project stage, replacing the older term "level of detail"

"The information requirements schedule defined the level of information need for each asset type at handover to support facilities management."

"golden thread"

The continuous chain of accurate and up-to-date building information that is created, stored and maintained throughout a building's lifecycle for safety and accountability purposes

"Following the Hackitt review, maintaining the golden thread of building safety information became a legal obligation for high-rise residential buildings."

"parametric modelling"

A design approach in which geometric and non-geometric properties are defined by parameters and rules, allowing rapid exploration of design alternatives by changing values

"Parametric modelling allowed the structural engineer to test 50 different roof geometry options in a single afternoon by adjusting span and pitch parameters."

"point cloud"

A large set of three-dimensional data points captured by laser scanning that represents the precise geometry of an existing structure or site

"A point cloud survey of the existing building was used to produce an accurate as-existing model before the refurbishment design began."