理学療法英語：必須語彙とフレーズ

"range of motion"

The full extent to which a joint can be moved in any direction, measured in degrees and used to assess joint health and flexibility

"The physiotherapist measured the patient's shoulder range of motion before and after treatment to track recovery progress."

"rotator cuff tear"

A partial or complete rupture of one or more of the four tendons forming the rotator cuff around the shoulder joint

"The MRI confirmed a partial rotator cuff tear, so the physiotherapist designed a six-week strengthening programme before considering surgical referral."

"ligamentous laxity"

Excessive looseness or instability in a joint caused by stretched or weakened ligaments, which can predispose the joint to injury

"The patient showed signs of ligamentous laxity in both knees, requiring proprioceptive training to improve joint stability."

"muscle imbalance"

A condition in which opposing or synergistic muscle groups have unequal strength or flexibility, often contributing to pain and injury

"The physiotherapist identified a significant muscle imbalance between the hip flexors and gluteal muscles as the likely cause of the patient's lower back pain."

"spinal stenosis"

A narrowing of the spaces within the spine that compresses nerves or the spinal cord, commonly causing pain, numbness, or weakness in the legs

"Conservative management of the patient's lumbar spinal stenosis included hydrotherapy, postural correction, and nerve mobilisation exercises."

"osteoarthritis"

A degenerative joint disease in which articular cartilage breaks down, leading to pain, stiffness, and reduced function, most common in knees, hips, and hands

"The physiotherapy programme for the patient's knee osteoarthritis focused on quadriceps strengthening, weight management advice, and activity modification."

"tendinopathy"

A general term for painful, degenerative tendon conditions caused by overuse or failed healing, characterised by disorganised collagen fibres

"Eccentric loading exercises are considered the gold standard for managing Achilles tendinopathy in active patients."

"patellofemoral pain syndrome"

Pain arising from the interface between the kneecap and the femur, often caused by overuse, muscle weakness, or poor movement patterns

"The runner was diagnosed with patellofemoral pain syndrome and was prescribed hip abductor strengthening and gait retraining."

"neuroplasticity"

The brain's ability to reorganise and form new neural connections throughout life, which underlies recovery of function after neurological injury

"The therapist explained how intensive task-specific practice exploits neuroplasticity to help the patient regain arm function after stroke."

"spasticity"

A velocity-dependent increase in muscle tone caused by damage to the central nervous system, leading to stiff, jerky movements

"The physiotherapist used prolonged stretching and positioning techniques to manage the patient's lower limb spasticity following a spinal cord injury."

"ataxia"

Loss of voluntary coordination of muscle movements, resulting in unsteady gait, tremor, and impaired balance, often caused by cerebellar damage

"Balance retraining and coordination exercises were central to the rehabilitation programme for the patient presenting with cerebellar ataxia."

"foot drop"

Weakness or paralysis of muscles that lift the front part of the foot, causing difficulty with walking and an increased risk of tripping

"The patient was fitted with a custom ankle-foot orthosis to correct foot drop while strengthening exercises were progressed in parallel."

"hemiplegia"

Paralysis of one side of the body resulting from damage to the brain or spinal cord, commonly occurring after stroke

"Task-oriented training focusing on functional activities was the cornerstone of the rehabilitation plan for the patient with left-sided hemiplegia."

"proprioceptive deficit"

Impaired ability to sense the position and movement of the body's own parts, which affects balance, coordination, and motor learning

"The physiotherapist used balance board exercises and perturbation training to address the proprioceptive deficit following the patient's ankle ligament reconstruction."

"Bobath concept"

A problem-solving approach to neurological rehabilitation focused on postural control, movement quality, and facilitating normal movement patterns

"Using the Bobath concept, the therapist facilitated weight-bearing through the affected arm to reduce compensatory patterns in the patient with hemiplegia."

"constraint-induced movement therapy"

A rehabilitation technique in which the unaffected limb is restrained to force intensive use of the affected limb, promoting neuroplastic recovery

"Constraint-induced movement therapy was introduced when the patient showed minimal spontaneous use of the affected arm despite residual motor function."

"subjective assessment"

The part of a physiotherapy examination that gathers the patient's own account of their symptoms, history, and functional limitations through questioning

"During the subjective assessment, the therapist asked about the onset, behaviour, and aggravating factors of the patient's shoulder pain."

"objective assessment"

The physical examination component of a consultation that involves observation, palpation, movement testing, and special tests to gather measurable data

"The objective assessment revealed reduced internal rotation, a positive Hawkins-Kennedy sign, and weakness in external rotator muscles."

"clinical reasoning"

The process by which a therapist integrates patient history, examination findings, and evidence to form a diagnosis and create an appropriate treatment plan

"Sound clinical reasoning led the physiotherapist to identify a central sensitisation component alongside the peripheral tissue injury, changing the treatment approach."

"red flags"

Signs or symptoms that may indicate a serious underlying pathology requiring urgent investigation or referral, such as unexplained weight loss, night pain, or neurological compromise

"The therapist screened for red flags during the initial assessment and, noting constant unrelenting back pain and unexplained weight loss, referred the patient for immediate medical review."

"special tests"

Standardised clinical tests used to provoke or reproduce symptoms and assess the integrity of specific structures such as ligaments, tendons, or joint surfaces

"The anterior drawer test and Lachman test are special tests used to assess the integrity of the anterior cruciate ligament."

"outcome measure"

A standardised tool or questionnaire used to quantify a patient's function, pain, or quality of life at different points in treatment to evaluate progress

"The therapist administered the DASH outcome measure at the start and end of treatment to document the functional improvement in the patient's upper limb."

"differential diagnosis"

The process of systematically considering and distinguishing between possible conditions that could explain a patient's symptoms

"The differential diagnosis for the patient's lateral hip pain included greater trochanteric pain syndrome, iliotibial band syndrome, and referred pain from the lumbar spine."

"pain provocation testing"

Assessment techniques designed to reproduce or increase a patient's familiar pain in order to identify the source of symptoms

"Pain provocation testing confirmed that resisted shoulder abduction at 90 degrees reproduced the patient's chief complaint, implicating the supraspinatus tendon."

"joint mobilisation"

Passive rhythmic movement applied to a joint at varying grades of speed and amplitude to restore joint mobility, reduce pain, and improve function

"Grade III joint mobilisation was applied to the stiff thoracic segments to improve segmental movement and reduce the patient's mid-back pain."

"high-velocity low-amplitude thrust"

A manipulation technique in which a sudden, controlled force is applied to a joint to restore mobility, often accompanied by an audible pop

"Following informed consent, a high-velocity low-amplitude thrust was applied to the restricted cervical segment, producing immediate improvement in rotation range."

"myofascial release"

A soft tissue technique that applies sustained pressure to fascial restrictions to eliminate pain and restore motion

"Myofascial release to the thoracolumbar fascia was combined with breathing exercises to address the patient's chronic lower back tension."

"trigger point therapy"

Treatment directed at hyperirritable spots within taut bands of skeletal muscle that cause local and referred pain when compressed or stimulated

"Dry needling was used as part of trigger point therapy targeting the upper trapezius to reduce the patient's neck and shoulder pain."

"neural mobilisation"

Techniques that aim to restore the normal movement and function of the nervous system by mobilising neural structures along their mechanical interfaces

"Median nerve neural mobilisation was prescribed as part of the home programme for the patient with carpal tunnel syndrome presenting with neural tension signs."

"accessory movement"

A small gliding, rolling, or spinning motion that occurs naturally within a joint during normal movement but cannot be performed voluntarily by the patient

"The physiotherapist applied posterior glide accessory movements to the glenohumeral joint to improve the patient's limited shoulder external rotation."

"traction"

A technique in which a distractive force is applied to a joint or spinal segment to unload articular structures, relieve nerve compression, and reduce pain

"Manual lumbar traction was used to provide temporary relief for the patient's disc-related leg pain before active exercises were commenced."

"soft tissue massage"

Manual manipulation of muscles, tendons, and connective tissue using techniques such as effleurage, petrissage, and friction to relieve pain and tension

"Deep soft tissue massage to the calf and plantar fascia was included in every treatment session to support the patient's recovery from plantar fasciitis."

"progressive overload"

The principle of gradually increasing the demands placed on the body during exercise to continue driving improvements in strength, endurance, or function

"The physiotherapist applied progressive overload by increasing resistance band strength each week as the patient's hip abductors became stronger."

"eccentric exercise"

Exercise in which muscles produce force while lengthening, used extensively in tendinopathy rehabilitation and injury prevention

"Eccentric exercise using a slanted board was the cornerstone of the treatment plan for the patient's patellar tendinopathy."

"neuromuscular control"

The unconscious activation of dynamic restraints around a joint in response to sensory information, essential for joint stability and injury prevention

"Single-leg balance exercises on unstable surfaces were prescribed to improve neuromuscular control following the patient's ankle sprain."

"functional movement screen"

A standardised series of seven movement tests used to identify movement pattern deficits and asymmetries that may predispose an individual to injury

"A functional movement screen was carried out pre-season to identify athletes with movement deficits who required corrective exercise programmes."

"return to sport criteria"

Objective benchmarks — including strength, power, movement quality, and psychological readiness — that an athlete must meet before safely resuming competitive sport

"The physiotherapist confirmed that the patient met all return to sport criteria, including a limb symmetry index above 90%, before clearing her for full training."

"core stability"

The ability of the deep and superficial trunk muscles to control the position and movement of the spine and pelvis during dynamic activities

"Core stability training was introduced in the third week of rehabilitation, progressing from drawing-in manoeuvres to loaded functional movements."

"plyometric training"

Explosive exercises that involve a rapid eccentric loading phase followed by a concentric contraction, used to develop power and prepare athletes for sport-specific demands

"Plyometric training using box jumps and lateral bounding was introduced in the final phase of the ACL rehabilitation programme."

"home exercise programme"

A personalised set of exercises prescribed for the patient to perform independently between physiotherapy sessions to reinforce clinical gains

"Adherence to the home exercise programme was identified as the key factor in the patient's rapid recovery from rotator cuff surgery."

"informed consent"

A patient's voluntary agreement to a proposed treatment after being provided with clear information about its nature, benefits, risks, and alternatives

"Before commencing spinal manipulation, the physiotherapist obtained informed consent and documented that the patient understood the small risk of temporary symptom exacerbation."

"SOAP notes"

A structured documentation format covering Subjective findings, Objective data, Assessment, and Plan, widely used in physiotherapy session records

"The physiotherapist completed SOAP notes immediately after each session to maintain an accurate record of treatment progress and clinical reasoning."

"clinical handover"

The formal transfer of professional responsibility and essential patient information from one clinician to another, such as when a patient changes therapist

"A thorough clinical handover ensured that the new physiotherapist understood the patient's treatment history, goals, and precautions before taking over the case."

"multidisciplinary team"

A group of healthcare professionals from different disciplines — such as physiotherapy, occupational therapy, medicine, and nursing — who collaborate to manage complex patient cases

"The patient's complex post-surgical rehabilitation was coordinated through weekly multidisciplinary team meetings involving the physiotherapist, surgeon, and occupational therapist."

"discharge planning"

The process of preparing a patient for the end of formal physiotherapy treatment, including setting maintenance goals, providing a home programme, and identifying signs for re-referral

"Discharge planning began two sessions before the final appointment to ensure the patient felt confident managing their condition independently."

"contraindication"

A clinical reason — such as a medical condition, recent surgery, or active infection — that makes a particular physiotherapy technique inadvisable or unsafe

"Active inflammatory arthritis is a contraindication to joint manipulation, so the physiotherapist used gentle mobilisation instead."

"precaution"

A condition or circumstance that does not completely prohibit a treatment technique but requires the therapist to modify the approach, reduce intensity, or apply extra care

"Osteoporosis was noted as a precaution during spinal mobilisation, prompting the physiotherapist to use Grade I and II techniques only."

"evidence-based practice"

Clinical decision-making that integrates the best available research evidence with the therapist's clinical expertise and the patient's values and preferences

"The physiotherapist justified the choice of eccentric loading over passive modalities by citing high-quality evidence-based practice guidelines for tendinopathy management."