足病学英語：必須語彙とフレーズ

"plantar fascia"

A thick band of connective tissue running along the sole of the foot from the calcaneus to the toes, supporting the longitudinal arch

"The patient presented with sharp heel pain on first steps in the morning, consistent with plantar fascia irritation at the calcaneal insertion."

"calcaneus"

The largest tarsal bone forming the heel, serving as the posterior weight-bearing surface and attachment point for the Achilles tendon

"X-ray of the right foot revealed a calcaneal stress fracture at the posterior tuberosity in this long-distance runner."

"metatarsals"

The five long bones of the midfoot connecting the tarsal bones to the proximal phalanges, numbered one to five from medial to lateral

"Pressure mapping identified excessive loading under the second and third metatarsal heads, contributing to repeated callus formation."

"talus"

The tarsal bone that articulates with the tibia and fibula above to form the ankle joint and rests on the calcaneus below

"The MRI showed osteochondral damage to the medial talar dome following a chronic ankle sprain in the football player."

"subtalar joint"

The articulation between the talus and calcaneus allowing inversion and eversion movements that influence overall lower limb alignment

"Restricted subtalar joint pronation was identified during gait analysis, suggesting a need for a functional foot orthosis."

"Achilles tendon"

The largest and strongest tendon in the body, connecting the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles to the posterior calcaneus

"Ultrasound examination confirmed mid-portion Achilles tendon thickening consistent with insertional tendinopathy rather than a partial tear."

"navicular"

A boat-shaped tarsal bone on the medial side of the foot articulating with the talus and the three cuneiforms, forming the apex of the medial arch

"The accessory navicular was symptomatic, causing medial midfoot pain that was aggravated by prolonged standing on hard floors."

"sesamoid bones"

Two small bones embedded within the flexor hallucis brevis tendons beneath the first metatarsal head, absorbing load during propulsion

"The dancer presented with sesamoid bone stress reaction under the first metatarsal head, requiring offloading with a metatarsal pad."

"overpronation"

Excessive inward rolling of the foot and ankle during the stance phase of gait, associated with arch collapse and increased medial stress on the lower limb

"The runner's overpronation during the loading response was confirmed on video gait analysis and linked to her recurring shin splints."

"supination"

Outward rotation of the foot combining plantarflexion, inversion, and adduction, producing a higher arch and reduced shock absorption

"The patient's rigid cavus foot and habitual supination increased lateral ankle instability risk and required a cushioned lateral wedge orthosis."

"heel strike"

The initial contact of the posterior calcaneus with the ground at the start of the stance phase in a rearfoot striking gait pattern

"Gait retraining was introduced to reduce the forceful heel strike that was generating high impact forces through the knee in this marathon runner."

"toe-off"

The final phase of stance in which the first metatarsal and hallux push off the ground, propelling the body forward into swing phase

"Reduced ankle plantarflexion strength was limiting toe-off efficiency, contributing to an antalgic limp and compensatory hip hike."

"forefoot valgus"

A structural frontal plane deformity in which the plantar surface of the forefoot is everted relative to the rearfoot when the subtalar joint is in neutral

"A forefoot valgus deformity of eight degrees was measured with a goniometer and was accommodated with a lateral forefoot post on the orthosis."

"ground reaction force"

The force exerted by the ground on the foot in response to the body's weight, measured using force plates or pressure insoles during gait analysis

"Peak ground reaction force under the second metatarsal head was 120% of body weight, explaining the recurrent stress fracture at that site."

"cadence"

The number of steps taken per minute during walking or running, used as a measure of gait efficiency and rehabilitation progress

"Increasing the patient's cadence from 155 to 170 steps per minute reduced tibial stress by decreasing step length and vertical loading rate."

"midstance"

The phase of gait when the body weight passes directly over the supporting foot, requiring controlled pronation and ankle dorsiflexion

"Insufficient dorsiflexion range during midstance was causing early heel rise and excessive forefoot loading in this patient with ankle equinus."

"plantar fasciitis"

Inflammation and micro-tearing of the plantar fascia at or near its calcaneal origin, causing inferior heel pain especially with the first steps after rest

"The patient's plantar fasciitis had persisted for nine months despite stretching and new footwear, prompting a referral for extracorporeal shockwave therapy."

"hallux valgus"

A progressive deformity in which the great toe deviates laterally and the first metatarsal head protrudes medially, forming a bunion

"The hallux valgus angle measured 28 degrees on the weight-bearing radiograph, and the patient was referred to orthopaedics for surgical correction."

"onychomycosis"

A fungal infection of the nail plate and nail bed causing thickening, discolouration, brittleness, and separation of the nail

"Nail clippings sent for mycology confirmed Trichophyton rubrum, and a twelve-week course of oral terbinafine was prescribed for onychomycosis."

"Morton's neuroma"

A perineural fibrosis of the common plantar digital nerve, most often between the third and fourth metatarsals, causing burning forefoot pain and numbness

"The Mulder's click test was positive, and the patient described burning and electric shock sensations consistent with Morton's neuroma in the third webspace."

"verruca pedis"

A plantar wart caused by the human papillomavirus, presenting as a hyperkeratotic lesion on the sole of the foot that may contain black dots from thrombosed capillaries

"The child's verruca pedis had spread to three lesions on the plantar surface and was treated with salicylic acid under occlusion for eight weeks."

"metatarsalgia"

A generic term for pain and inflammation in the forefoot under the metatarsal heads, arising from altered biomechanics, footwear, or structural changes

"Custom foot orthoses with a metatarsal dome successfully redistributed plantar pressure and resolved the patient's chronic metatarsalgia within six weeks."

"Achilles tendinopathy"

A degenerative condition of the Achilles tendon characterised by pain, swelling, and reduced function, classified as insertional or mid-portion

"The athlete was diagnosed with mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy and commenced a twelve-week Alfredson eccentric heel drop loading programme."

"ingrown toenail"

A condition in which the edge of the nail plate penetrates the surrounding nail fold, causing pain, inflammation, and possible infection

"The ingrown toenail on the right hallux had become infected with purulent discharge, requiring partial nail avulsion under local anaesthesia."

"peripheral neuropathy"

Damage to peripheral nerves caused by chronic hyperglycaemia, resulting in loss of protective sensation, altered gait, and increased risk of undetected foot injury

"The 10g Semmes-Weinstein monofilament test confirmed peripheral neuropathy, as the patient could not detect pressure at four of ten plantar sites."

"peripheral arterial disease"

Narrowing of the arteries supplying the lower limbs, reducing blood flow and impairing wound healing, often co-existing with diabetic neuropathy

"An ankle-brachial index of 0.6 indicated moderate peripheral arterial disease, and vascular surgery was consulted before wound debridement was attempted."

"Charcot neuroarthropathy"

A progressive destructive arthropathy affecting bones and joints of the foot in patients with peripheral neuropathy, causing deformity and instability

"The warm, erythematous, swollen foot with X-ray evidence of midfoot fragmentation confirmed acute Charcot neuroarthropathy, and total contact casting was initiated immediately."

"diabetic foot ulcer"

A full-thickness skin break on the foot of a person with diabetes, often resulting from neuropathy, pressure, or trauma, classified by depth and tissue involvement

"The Wagner grade 2 diabetic foot ulcer on the plantar first metatarsal head had probed to the capsule and required inpatient wound management and offloading."

"total contact cast"

A gold-standard offloading device for neuropathic diabetic foot ulcers that distributes pressure across the entire plantar surface to facilitate wound healing

"Following total contact cast application, the patient's neuropathic forefoot ulcer reduced from 3.2 cm to 0.8 cm diameter over six weeks of treatment."

"ankle-brachial index"

A non-invasive ratio comparing systolic ankle blood pressure to brachial blood pressure, used to screen for and grade peripheral arterial disease

"An ankle-brachial index below 0.9 triggered an urgent vascular medicine referral before any sharp debridement was performed on the ischaemic heel wound."

"protective sensation"

The minimum level of sensory awareness required to detect and respond to potentially harmful pressure, shear, or thermal stimuli on the foot

"The patient had lost protective sensation bilaterally, making daily self-inspection of the feet and therapeutic footwear essential risk management measures."

"offloading"

The redistribution or elimination of mechanical pressure from a wound site to allow tissue healing, achieved through casts, boots, orthoses, or footwear modifications

"Adequate offloading was identified as the key barrier to healing, and the patient was fitted with a prefabricated removable cast walker to achieve consistent pressure relief."

"custom foot orthosis"

A device fabricated from a plaster or 3D scan impression of the patient's foot, designed to control abnormal motion, redistribute pressure, and reduce pain

"A custom foot orthosis with a medial heel skive and met dome was prescribed to control rear-foot pronation and relieve forefoot pressure."

"prefabricated insole"

A mass-produced foot support available in standard sizes, often used as a cost-effective first-line intervention before custom orthosis fabrication

"A prefabricated insole with arch support and heel cushioning was trialled for four weeks before committing to the expense of custom orthosis fabrication."

"heel wedge"

A wedge-shaped addition to the orthosis or shoe that tilts the heel medially or laterally to influence rearfoot alignment and subtalar joint mechanics

"A four-degree medial heel wedge was incorporated into the orthosis to reduce varus rear-foot alignment in this patient with medial knee compartment pain."

"metatarsal dome"

A semi-circular pad placed proximal to the metatarsal heads on an insole to offload the plantar forefoot and reduce pressure at sites of callus or pain

"Placement of a metatarsal dome at the proximal third metatarsal significantly reduced the patient's pain during the push-off phase of walking."

"rocker-bottom sole"

A curved shoe sole modification that reduces the range of motion required at the forefoot joints during toe-off, used for hallux rigidus, forefoot ulcers, and Achilles tendon conditions

"A rocker-bottom sole was added to the patient's footwear to reduce dorsiflexion stress at the first metatarsophalangeal joint following hallux rigidus surgery."

"extra-depth shoe"

A therapeutic shoe constructed with additional depth in the toe box and overall volume to accommodate foot deformities, orthoses, and swollen feet

"The patient's prominent hammer toes and custom orthoses required an extra-depth shoe to avoid dorsal pressure on the contracted interphalangeal joints."

"toe box"

The front portion of a shoe that surrounds and protects the toes, with its depth and width critically influencing pressure on deformities such as bunions and hammer toes

"A wide, deep toe box was essential to accommodate the hallux valgus deformity and prevent medial first metatarsal head irritation during walking."

"heel counter"

The rigid posterior component of a shoe that cups the heel and controls rearfoot motion, important for managing pronation and providing lateral ankle support

"The sports shoes worn by the patient had a soft, collapsed heel counter that offered no rearfoot stability, contributing to excessive pronation on the treadmill."

"subungual haematoma"

A collection of blood beneath the nail plate following trauma, causing discolouration and pressure pain that may require nail trephination to relieve

"The runner's dark discoloured great toenail was confirmed as a subungual haematoma from repetitive microtrauma caused by shoes that were a half-size too small."

"onychogryphosis"

Hypertrophic, opaque, and severely thickened nail plate curving like a claw or ram's horn, common in elderly patients with poor circulation or neglected nail care

"The elderly patient's onychogryphosis had been neglected for several years and required mechanical reduction with a burr to restore a manageable nail thickness."

"hyperkeratosis"

Abnormal thickening of the stratum corneum of the skin, producing callosities and corns in response to repeated friction or pressure

"Hyperkeratosis under the second and third metatarsal heads was debrided with a scalpel and linked to an underlying dropped metatarsal and ill-fitting footwear."

"heloma durum"

A hard corn — a discrete, well-defined area of hyperkeratosis with a central nucleus overlying a bony prominence, caused by localised pressure

"A heloma durum on the dorsum of the fifth proximal interphalangeal joint was debrided and a silicone toe prop prescribed to offload the bony prominence."

"heloma molle"

A soft corn — a macerated, whitish hyperkeratotic lesion found in the web space between toes where moisture prevents normal keratinisation

"The patient's fourth webspace heloma molle was treated by debriding the lesion and applying a foam interdigital wedge to separate the offending toes."

"tinea pedis"

A superficial fungal infection of the foot caused by dermatophytes, presenting as interdigital scaling, vesicles, or moccasin-type plantar thickening

"The interdigital scaling and maceration between the fourth and fifth toes with positive fungal culture confirmed tinea pedis, treated with topical clotrimazole."

"partial nail avulsion"

A minor surgical procedure in which a strip of nail is removed along with its germinal matrix using phenol to prevent regrowth, used for chronic ingrown toenails

"After three episodes of acute infection, a permanent partial nail avulsion under local anaesthesia was performed on the lateral border of the right hallux nail."

"nail matrix"

The tissue beneath the proximal nail fold that generates nail plate cells, with damage to this structure resulting in permanent nail dystrophy

"The patient was informed that the prior trauma had damaged the nail matrix, which explained the permanent longitudinal ridge and discolouration of the nail."