上級心理学英語：必須語彙とフレーズ

"executive dysfunction"

impaired ability to plan, organize, and regulate goal-directed behaviour

"The patient showed executive dysfunction, struggling to sequence everyday tasks."

"working memory capacity"

the amount of information the mind can actively hold and manipulate at one time

"Low working memory capacity was linked to poor reading comprehension in the study."

"neuroplasticity"

the brain's ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections throughout life

"Intensive rehabilitation exploits neuroplasticity to restore function after stroke."

"prefrontal cortex activation"

increased neural activity in the front portion of the brain associated with decision-making

"fMRI showed prefrontal cortex activation during the moral reasoning task."

"cognitive reserve"

the brain's resilience to damage, built up by education and mental stimulation

"Higher cognitive reserve may delay the onset of dementia symptoms."

"hippocampal volume reduction"

a decrease in the size of the hippocampus, often linked to chronic stress or PTSD

"The researchers observed hippocampal volume reduction in veterans with combat PTSD."

"attentional bias"

the tendency to pay more attention to certain stimuli over others, often threat-related

"Participants with anxiety showed an attentional bias toward angry faces."

"neural correlates"

brain activity patterns that correspond to specific psychological states or behaviours

"The study identified neural correlates of empathy in the mirror neuron system."

"construct validity"

the degree to which a test actually measures the psychological construct it claims to measure

"The research team established construct validity through confirmatory factor analysis."

"inter-rater reliability"

the degree of agreement between independent raters or observers

"Inter-rater reliability was assessed using Cohen's kappa coefficient."

"factor loading"

a value indicating how strongly a test item relates to an underlying factor

"Items with a factor loading below 0.40 were removed from the final scale."

"norm-referenced scoring"

interpreting a test score relative to a representative comparison group

"Norm-referenced scoring allows clinicians to compare a client's performance to the general population."

"test-retest reliability"

consistency of results when the same test is administered to the same group at different times

"The questionnaire demonstrated strong test-retest reliability over a two-week interval."

"differential item functioning"

when a test item performs differently for different subgroups after controlling for ability level

"Differential item functioning analysis revealed cultural bias in two anxiety scale items."

"latent variable"

an unobserved theoretical construct inferred from observed variables

"Depression was modelled as a latent variable underlying multiple observed symptoms."

"standard error of measurement"

an estimate of the expected variation in a test score due to measurement error

"The standard error of measurement must be considered when interpreting borderline scores."

"therapeutic alliance"

the collaborative working relationship between a therapist and client

"Research consistently shows that therapeutic alliance predicts treatment outcomes."

"schema restructuring"

the process of identifying and modifying deep-rooted negative beliefs about self and world

"Schema restructuring was used to address the client's core belief of worthlessness."

"exposure and response prevention"

a CBT technique involving gradual exposure to feared stimuli while preventing compulsive responses

"Exposure and response prevention is the gold-standard treatment for OCD."

"dialectical behaviour therapy"

a skills-based therapy combining cognitive-behavioural techniques with mindfulness and acceptance

"Dialectical behaviour therapy was developed originally to treat borderline personality disorder."

"motivational interviewing"

a collaborative, client-centred counselling style for strengthening motivation to change

"The clinician used motivational interviewing to explore the client's ambivalence about abstinence."

"trauma-focused cognitive processing"

a structured therapy helping clients re-evaluate traumatic events and related beliefs

"Trauma-focused cognitive processing reduced PTSD symptoms significantly in the trial."

"mentalisation-based treatment"

therapy that enhances the ability to understand mental states in oneself and others

"Mentalisation-based treatment is recommended for patients with attachment difficulties."

"transference interpretation"

a therapist's verbal explanation of the client's unconscious displacement of feelings onto the therapist

"The analyst offered a transference interpretation linking the client's anger to parental relationships."

"fitness to stand trial"

a legal determination of whether a defendant can understand court proceedings and assist in their own defence

"The judge requested a psychiatric evaluation to assess fitness to stand trial."

"actuarial risk assessment"

the use of statistically derived tools to estimate the probability of future offending

"The HCR-20 is an actuarial risk assessment tool widely used in forensic settings."

"diminished responsibility"

a partial legal defence based on an abnormality of mental functioning that substantially impaired judgement

"The defence argued diminished responsibility due to the defendant's dissociative state at the time."

"malingering"

the deliberate fabrication or exaggeration of symptoms for external gain

"Performance validity testing was conducted to rule out malingering."

"psychopathic traits"

personality characteristics including callousness, superficial charm, and persistent antisocial behaviour

"The assessment revealed elevated psychopathic traits on the Hare Psychopathy Checklist."

"victim impact statement"

a formal written or oral account of the harm a crime has caused a victim

"The psychologist helped the victim prepare a victim impact statement for sentencing."

"offence paralleling behaviour"

behaviour in a clinical setting that mirrors the thoughts or actions linked to past offending

"Clinicians noted offence paralleling behaviour in the patient's interactions with female staff."

"cognitive distortions in offenders"

distorted thought patterns used by offenders to justify or minimise harmful behaviour

"The treatment programme targeted cognitive distortions in offenders convicted of sexual crimes."

"randomised controlled trial"

a study design in which participants are randomly assigned to treatment or control groups

"The randomised controlled trial confirmed that CBT outperformed usual care for depression."

"ecological validity"

the extent to which research findings can be generalised to real-world settings

"Laboratory paradigms often lack ecological validity compared to naturalistic studies."

"confounding variable"

an extraneous factor that correlates with both the independent and dependent variables

"Sleep quality was identified as a confounding variable in the stress–performance relationship."

"effect size"

a quantitative measure of the magnitude of an experimental effect

"The intervention showed a large effect size (Cohen's d = 0.82) for reducing anxiety."

"systematic review"

a rigorous, structured synthesis of all available evidence on a specific research question

"A systematic review of 45 studies confirmed the efficacy of mindfulness for depression relapse."

"informed consent procedure"

the process of providing participants with information to make a voluntary, knowledgeable decision to participate

"The informed consent procedure was approved by the university ethics committee."

"double-blind design"

a study where neither participants nor researchers know who receives the active treatment

"The double-blind design minimised expectancy effects in the medication trial."

"meta-analytic evidence"

findings derived from statistically combining results across multiple studies

"Meta-analytic evidence supports the use of EMDR for post-traumatic stress disorder."

"job demands-resources model"

a framework explaining how job demands cause burnout while job resources foster engagement

"Using the job demands-resources model, the consultant redesigned roles to reduce emotional exhaustion."

"organisational citizenship behaviour"

voluntary workplace behaviour that goes beyond formal job requirements and benefits the organisation

"High levels of organisational citizenship behaviour correlated with team cohesion in the study."

"psychological safety"

the shared belief that a team is safe for interpersonal risk-taking and honest communication

"Google's Project Aristotle found psychological safety to be the top predictor of team effectiveness."

"burnout syndrome"

a state of chronic workplace stress characterised by exhaustion, cynicism, and reduced efficacy

"Burnout syndrome was prevalent among healthcare workers during the pandemic."

"selection assessment centre"

a multi-method evaluation process for recruitment and promotion decisions

"Candidates attended a selection assessment centre involving role-plays, group exercises, and psychometric tests."

"person-environment fit"

the degree of compatibility between an individual's characteristics and their work environment

"Poor person-environment fit predicted intention to leave in the longitudinal survey."

"transformational leadership"

a leadership style that inspires followers through vision, motivation, and intellectual stimulation

"Managers high in transformational leadership reported more innovative teams."

"counterproductive work behaviour"

intentional employee actions that harm the organisation or its members

"Perceived injustice was a key predictor of counterproductive work behaviour in the sample."