不動産投資英語：必須ボキャブラリー

"cap rate"

Capitalization rate — the ratio of a property's net operating income to its current market value, used to estimate potential return

"The downtown office building traded at a 5.2% cap rate, reflecting strong investor demand and compressed yields in the market."

"net operating income (NOI)"

A property's gross rental income minus operating expenses, before debt service and taxes — the fundamental measure of income-producing real estate

"After accounting for vacancy and maintenance costs, the property generated an NOI of $420,000, supporting a $7 million valuation."

"comparable sales analysis"

A valuation method that estimates a property's value by comparing it to recently sold similar properties in the same market

"The appraiser performed a comparable sales analysis using five transactions from the past six months to arrive at the $1.8 million estimate."

"discounted cash flow (DCF)"

A valuation method that projects future cash flows from a property and discounts them to present value using a required rate of return

"The acquisition team ran a DCF model assuming a 7% discount rate and a ten-year hold period before the projected exit."

"gross rent multiplier (GRM)"

A quick valuation metric calculated by dividing the property price by its annual gross rental income

"At a purchase price of $1.2 million and annual rents of $100,000, the GRM of 12 was in line with comparable multifamily assets."

"price per square foot"

A unit measure of property value calculated by dividing the total price by the property's total area in square feet

"The new luxury condos were selling at $950 per square foot, a record high for that submarket."

"appraisal"

A professional estimate of a property's market value conducted by a licensed appraiser, typically required by lenders before financing

"The bank ordered an independent appraisal before approving the mortgage, which came in 3% below the agreed purchase price."

"mark-to-market"

The process of revaluing assets on a portfolio to reflect current market prices rather than historical cost or book value

"The fund's quarterly mark-to-market exercise revealed that rising interest rates had reduced the portfolio's gross asset value by 8%."

"loan-to-value ratio (LTV)"

The ratio of a mortgage loan amount to the appraised value of the property, expressed as a percentage — a key measure of lending risk

"The lender capped the loan at a 65% LTV, requiring the sponsor to contribute $3.5 million in equity for the $10 million acquisition."

"debt service coverage ratio (DSCR)"

The ratio of a property's net operating income to its annual debt payments — lenders require this to be above 1.0 to confirm the asset can cover its obligations

"With NOI of $600,000 and annual debt service of $420,000, the DSCR of 1.43x comfortably exceeded the lender's 1.25x minimum covenant."

"mezzanine financing"

A hybrid form of capital that sits between senior debt and equity in the capital stack, offering higher returns to lenders in exchange for greater risk

"To bridge the gap between the senior loan and required equity, the sponsor arranged $4 million of mezzanine financing at a 12% interest rate."

"bridge loan"

Short-term financing used to fund a property acquisition or stabilization until permanent debt or a sale can be arranged

"The investor used a 24-month bridge loan to acquire the vacant office building while executing a conversion to residential use."

"amortization"

The gradual repayment of a loan principal over time through regular scheduled payments

"The 30-year mortgage was structured with a 25-year amortization schedule, meaning the principal would be fully repaid by year 25."

"preferred equity"

A form of investment capital that ranks above common equity in the priority of returns but below debt, often carrying a fixed preferred return

"The capital stack included $5 million of preferred equity with an 8% preferred return before the common equity partners shared in profits."

"interest rate cap"

A financial instrument that limits the maximum interest rate on a floating-rate loan, providing protection against rising rates

"As a condition of the floating-rate bridge loan, the lender required the borrower to purchase a 3% interest rate cap for the loan term."

"recourse vs non-recourse"

Recourse debt allows the lender to pursue a borrower's personal assets if the property cannot cover the loan; non-recourse debt limits recovery to the collateral

"The institutional sponsor insisted on non-recourse financing to protect its fund investors from personal liability beyond the pledged collateral."

"internal rate of return (IRR)"

The annualized return on an investment that makes the net present value of all cash flows equal to zero — the standard metric for comparing real estate deals

"After a five-year hold and successful exit, the value-add fund delivered a 17.3% net IRR to its limited partners, beating the 15% target."

"equity multiple"

The total cash returned to an investor divided by the total equity invested — an intuitive measure of how many times capital was multiplied

"Investors who committed capital to the development received a 2.4x equity multiple, meaning $1 invested returned $2.40 over the project lifecycle."

"cash-on-cash return"

Annual pre-tax cash flow divided by total cash invested — a simple measure of the annual income yield on an equity investment

"The stabilized apartment complex generated an 8% cash-on-cash return in its first full year of operation, meeting the underwriting projection."

"total return"

The combined return from both income (cash distributions) and capital appreciation over an investment holding period

"The property's total return of 14% comprised a 5% income return and 9% capital growth driven by compression in local cap rates."

"alpha"

Excess return generated above a risk-adjusted benchmark, attributable to a manager's skill or strategy rather than market movements

"The fund's active asset management and lease-up strategy generated meaningful alpha relative to a passive REIT index over the same period."

"yield on cost"

Net operating income divided by total development cost — used to assess the profitability of a new construction or value-add project

"With stabilized NOI of $2.1 million and total costs of $28 million, the development achieved a 7.5% yield on cost, well above the 6% market cap rate."

"waterfall distribution"

The structured sequence in which investment returns are distributed among equity partners, typically prioritizing limited partners before the general partner earns a promote

"Under the waterfall, LPs received their 8% preferred return and full return of capital before the GP was entitled to a 20% carried interest."

"carried interest"

The general partner's share of profits above a preferred return hurdle, serving as the primary performance incentive in real estate private equity

"The GP earned a 20% carried interest on profits above the 8% hurdle, aligning incentives with the limited partners throughout the fund's life."

"entitlement"

The legal process of obtaining government approvals — including zoning, permits, and environmental clearances — necessary to develop a property

"The developer spent two years and $1.5 million in legal fees navigating the entitlement process before breaking ground on the mixed-use project."

"pro forma"

A financial projection model that estimates a development project's revenues, costs, and returns under a set of assumptions

"The investment committee reviewed the project pro forma and requested sensitivity analysis on construction costs and lease-up timelines."

"construction draw"

A periodic disbursement of loan funds to a developer as construction milestones are completed, verified by lender inspections

"Upon completing the concrete podium, the developer submitted a construction draw request for $3.2 million to cover the next phase of work."

"absorption rate"

The pace at which available units or space in a market are leased or sold, typically expressed as units per month

"Market analysis showed an absorption rate of 15 units per month, suggesting the 120-unit project would be fully leased within eight months of delivery."

"hard costs vs soft costs"

Hard costs are direct construction expenses (materials, labor); soft costs are indirect project expenses (architecture, permits, financing fees, marketing)

"The $20 million project budget was split roughly 75/25 between hard costs and soft costs, with design and financing fees accounting for most of the latter."

"certificate of occupancy (CO)"

An official document issued by a local authority confirming that a building meets code requirements and is safe for occupancy

"The lender withheld the final construction draw until the developer obtained the certificate of occupancy from the city building department."

"ground-up development"

A real estate project that involves building a new structure from scratch on raw or cleared land, as opposed to renovating an existing building

"The firm shifted its strategy from value-add acquisitions to ground-up development in undersupplied suburban markets where construction was feasible."

"value-add"

An investment strategy that targets properties with below-market performance that can be improved through renovation, re-leasing, or better management

"The value-add fund acquired a 1980s apartment complex, spent $8,000 per unit on renovations, and achieved 22% rent growth over 18 months."

"real estate investment trust (REIT)"

A company that owns income-producing real estate and distributes at least 90% of its taxable income to shareholders as dividends

"The REIT's portfolio of 200 industrial warehouses generated stable dividend income, making it popular with income-focused institutional investors."

"funds from operations (FFO)"

A REIT-specific earnings metric calculated by adding depreciation and amortization back to net income — widely used as the standard measure of REIT performance

"The office REIT reported FFO of $1.85 per share for the quarter, beating analyst consensus by $0.04 and supporting its dividend coverage."

"net asset value (NAV)"

The estimated market value of a fund's assets minus its liabilities — a key measure of intrinsic value for REITs and real estate funds

"Trading at a 15% discount to NAV, the retail REIT appeared attractively valued for investors willing to accept near-term leasing uncertainty."

"general partner (GP)"

The managing entity in a real estate partnership or fund that makes investment decisions and is responsible for operations and performance

"As GP, the real estate firm co-invested 2% of capital alongside the fund and earned a management fee plus promote on successful exits."

"limited partner (LP)"

A passive investor in a real estate fund or partnership who contributes capital but has limited liability and no active management role

"The university endowment committed $50 million as an LP to the opportunistic real estate fund, expecting net returns in excess of 18% IRR."

"closed-end fund"

A real estate fund with a fixed capital commitment period and a defined investment horizon, after which assets are sold and capital is returned to investors

"The closed-end fund had a 10-year life with a 5-year investment period, after which the manager would begin orderly dispositions to return capital."

"open-end fund"

A perpetual real estate vehicle with no fixed end date that allows investors to subscribe and redeem capital on a periodic basis

"The core open-end fund offered quarterly redemption windows, making it attractive to investors seeking liquidity alongside stable income returns."

"distribution waterfall"

The contractual priority and sequence of cash flow distributions in a real estate fund, determining how profits are split between LPs and the GP

"The fund's distribution waterfall ensured LPs received a full return of capital and an 8% preferred return before the GP could claim its 20% promote."

"due diligence"

The comprehensive investigation of a property before acquisition, covering legal, financial, physical, and environmental aspects to identify risks

"During the 60-day due diligence period, the buyer's team uncovered deferred maintenance of $800,000 and renegotiated the purchase price accordingly."

"environmental site assessment (ESA)"

An investigation to identify potential environmental contamination on a property — Phase I involves records review; Phase II involves physical sampling

"The Phase I ESA revealed a recognized environmental condition from a former dry cleaner, prompting a Phase II investigation before closing."

"title insurance"

Insurance that protects a property buyer and lender against losses arising from defects in the title, such as liens, ownership disputes, or encumbrances

"The lender required title insurance as a condition of the loan, which was issued after a title search confirmed clear ownership with no undisclosed liens."

"vacancy rate"

The percentage of total rentable units or space in a building or market that is unoccupied at a given time

"With the downtown office vacancy rate at 18%, the asset manager underwritten a conservative 15% vacancy assumption in the acquisition model."

"rent roll"

A document listing all tenants in a property along with their unit details, lease terms, rent amounts, and expiration dates

"The buyer's attorney reviewed the rent roll and identified three leases expiring within 12 months, presenting near-term rollover risk."

"lease expiry profile"

A breakdown of the tenancy schedule showing when existing leases are set to expire, used to assess near-term income risk and re-leasing requirements

"The lease expiry profile showed 40% of income rolling in the next 18 months, which the team mitigated by negotiating early renewals pre-acquisition."

"sensitivity analysis"

A financial modeling technique that tests how changes in key assumptions — such as rents, vacancy, or exit cap rates — affect projected returns

"The sensitivity analysis showed that a 50-basis-point expansion in the exit cap rate would reduce the projected IRR from 14% to 11%."

"weighted average lease expiry (WALE)"

A measure of the average remaining lease term across a portfolio, weighted by income or area — a higher WALE indicates greater income security

"The logistics portfolio's WALE of 8.5 years provided strong income visibility and justified a more aggressive cap rate from institutional buyers."