教師のための英語：必須プロフェッショナル語彙

"wait time"

The deliberate pause a teacher allows after asking a question, giving students time to process and formulate a response before being called on

"Research shows that increasing wait time to at least three seconds significantly raises the quality and length of student answers."

"cold calling"

The practice of directing a question to a student who has not volunteered to answer, used to boost engagement and check understanding across the class

"She used cold calling strategically, always framing it as a normal part of discussion rather than as a test or punishment."

"transition routine"

A set of predictable steps students follow when moving between activities or locations, minimising disruption and lost instructional time

"The teacher established a transition routine — pencils down, eyes front, hands folded — that the class could complete in under thirty seconds."

"proximity control"

A classroom management technique in which the teacher moves physically closer to a distracted or disruptive student to redirect behaviour without speaking

"Instead of interrupting his explanation, he used proximity control, walking slowly toward the back row where two students were whispering."

"on-task behaviour"

Student actions that are directly aligned with the assigned learning activity, as opposed to off-task or disruptive behaviour

"The observer recorded on-task behaviour levels every five minutes to give the teacher accurate data about whole-class engagement."

"seating arrangement"

The physical layout of desks and chairs in a classroom, which teachers configure to support different instructional goals such as lecture, discussion, or group work

"She switched from rows to a horseshoe seating arrangement when introducing Socratic seminars to encourage student-to-student dialogue."

"non-verbal cue"

A gesture, facial expression, or signal used by the teacher to communicate expectations or redirect student behaviour without interrupting the flow of a lesson

"He had established a set of non-verbal cues — a raised hand for quiet, two fingers for partner talk — that students recognised immediately."

"behaviour intervention plan"

A personalised, written strategy developed for a student with persistent behaviour challenges, specifying triggers, preventive strategies, and responses

"The behaviour intervention plan outlined that the student should be offered a movement break after every 20 minutes of seated work."

"learning objective"

A specific, measurable statement describing what students will know or be able to do by the end of a lesson or unit

"Each lesson began with the learning objective written on the board in student-friendly language: "By the end of today I can…""

"scaffolding"

Temporary instructional support provided to help students perform tasks they could not yet accomplish independently, gradually withdrawn as competence grows

"The teacher used scaffolding in the form of sentence frames and vocabulary banks before asking students to write independently."

"gradual release of responsibility"

An instructional framework that shifts ownership of learning from teacher to student through stages: I do, we do, you do together, you do alone

"Following the gradual release of responsibility model, the class moved from watching a worked example to pair practice before attempting individual problems."

"differentiated instruction"

The practice of adjusting content, process, product, or learning environment to meet the varied readiness levels, interests, and learning profiles of students

"Through differentiated instruction, the teacher prepared three versions of the reading passage at different complexity levels for the same lesson."

"pacing guide"

A curriculum planning document that maps out which content standards or topics will be covered during each week or month of the school year

"The department pacing guide showed that persuasive writing was scheduled for the third quarter, giving her time to align her novel choice accordingly."

"essential question"

A broad, open-ended question that frames a unit of study and promotes deep thinking, discussion, and connection-making across lessons

"The essential question for the history unit — "How do ordinary people shape extraordinary events?" — was revisited at the start of every lesson."

"anchor activity"

A task that students who finish their work early can move to independently, keeping them productively engaged while the teacher assists others

"Independent reading logs served as the anchor activity, ensuring that early finishers always had meaningful work without requiring teacher direction."

"co-teaching model"

An arrangement in which two teachers, often a general education teacher and a specialist, share planning and instructional responsibilities in the same classroom

"In the co-teaching model, the special education teacher led small-group work at one station while the class teacher delivered direct instruction to the rest."

"formative assessment"

Ongoing, low-stakes assessment carried out during the learning process to monitor student progress and adjust instruction

"Exit tickets served as a quick formative assessment, giving the teacher a snapshot of understanding before planning the next day's lesson."

"summative assessment"

An evaluation of student learning at the end of an instructional period, used to measure achievement against defined standards or objectives

"The end-of-unit project was the summative assessment, requiring students to apply all the skills covered during the previous five weeks."

"rubric"

A scoring guide that describes levels of performance for a task or assignment, providing clear criteria for both students and evaluators

"Students were given the rubric at the start of the assignment so they could use it to self-assess before submitting their work."

"diagnostic assessment"

An assessment administered before instruction to identify students' existing knowledge, skills, and misconceptions, used to plan teaching

"The results of the diagnostic assessment revealed that most students already understood fractions but struggled with mixed numbers."

"peer assessment"

A process in which students evaluate each other's work against shared criteria, developing metacognitive awareness and giving authors additional feedback

"During peer assessment, students used a structured protocol to give two specific compliments and one suggestion for improvement."

"growth mindset feedback"

Feedback that attributes success or difficulty to effort and strategy rather than fixed ability, encouraging students to persist and improve

"Rather than saying "You're so smart," the teacher offered growth mindset feedback: "You kept trying different approaches — that persistence paid off.""

"benchmark assessment"

A standardised test administered at regular intervals throughout the year to measure progress toward end-of-year targets and identify learning gaps

"The autumn benchmark assessment showed that reading fluency scores were below the expected trajectory, prompting a targeted intervention plan."

"standards-based grading"

A grading system that reports student proficiency on specific learning standards rather than averaging scores across different types of tasks

"Under standards-based grading, a student who mastered reading comprehension but struggled with conventions would receive separate scores for each standard."

"zone of proximal development"

Vygotsky's concept of the range of tasks a learner can perform with guidance but not yet independently, representing the optimal space for learning

"The teacher chose texts that sat in each student's zone of proximal development — challenging enough to require effort but not so difficult as to cause frustration."

"constructivism"

A theory of learning that holds that learners actively build understanding by connecting new information to existing knowledge and experience

"Guided by constructivism, the teacher always activated prior knowledge before introducing new content, asking students what they already knew about the topic."

"metacognition"

The awareness and regulation of one's own thinking and learning processes, including planning, monitoring, and evaluating one's understanding

"The teacher built metacognition by asking students to reflect after each quiz: "What strategy worked best? What would you do differently?""

"intrinsic motivation"

The drive to engage in a task for its own sake — because it is interesting, enjoyable, or personally meaningful — rather than for external rewards

"Allowing students to choose their own research topics boosted intrinsic motivation and resulted in noticeably more thorough and engaged work."

"spaced practice"

A learning strategy in which study or review sessions are distributed over time rather than concentrated in a single block, significantly improving long-term retention

"The vocabulary programme used spaced practice, reintroducing each word after two days, one week, and two weeks to maximise retention."

"retrieval practice"

The act of actively recalling information from memory — through quizzing, writing, or discussion — which strengthens memory traces far more than re-reading

"Low-stakes retrieval practice at the start of each lesson — three questions on previous content — improved test scores over the course of the term."

"cognitive load"

The total amount of mental effort required to process information at one time; effective instruction minimises extraneous load to free capacity for learning

"The teacher reduced cognitive load by presenting the diagram and its explanation simultaneously on the same slide rather than on separate pages."

"growth mindset"

The belief that intelligence and abilities can be developed through dedication and hard work, in contrast to a fixed mindset that sees ability as static

"The whole-school growth mindset initiative included classroom posters, teacher language guidelines, and parent communication to reinforce the same message at home."

"professional learning community"

A collaborative team of educators who meet regularly to share practice, analyse student data, and collectively improve teaching and learning outcomes

"The maths professional learning community met every Tuesday to examine common assessment results and plan targeted re-teaching for the following week."

"instructional coaching"

A job-embedded form of professional development in which an experienced educator works alongside teachers to improve specific aspects of their classroom practice

"After the observation cycle, the instructional coach and teacher co-planned a new approach to discussion protocols that they trialled the following week."

"reflective practice"

The habit of critically examining one's own teaching experiences, beliefs, and outcomes in order to grow as a professional and improve student learning

"She maintained a teaching journal as part of her reflective practice, writing after each lesson about what had worked and what she would change."

"action research"

A systematic inquiry conducted by teachers into their own classroom practice in order to understand and improve a specific aspect of teaching or learning

"His action research project investigated whether structured talk protocols increased academic vocabulary use in written responses over a six-week period."

"peer observation"

A structured process in which one teacher observes another's lesson with a specific agreed focus, followed by a collaborative discussion of what was seen

"Peer observation pairs were arranged so that each teacher could observe a colleague teaching the same year group but a different subject once per half-term."

"lesson study"

A Japanese-origin collaborative professional development model in which a team of teachers jointly plans, observes, and analyses a single research lesson

"The lesson study cycle began with three weeks of shared planning before the team observed the research lesson and held a structured post-lesson discussion."

"continuing professional development"

Ongoing structured learning activities that teachers undertake to maintain, develop, and broaden their professional knowledge and skills throughout their career

"The school allocated four full continuing professional development days per year and a weekly 45-minute slot for collaborative teacher learning."

"teacher efficacy"

A teacher's belief in their own capability to organise and execute the actions required to produce specific student learning outcomes

"Sustained instructional coaching was found to significantly increase teacher efficacy, particularly among those in their first three years of teaching."

"reasonable adjustment"

A modification to teaching, assessment, or the physical environment made to ensure that a student with a disability can access learning on an equal basis

"Providing the exam in a larger font was a reasonable adjustment that allowed the student with a visual impairment to demonstrate her knowledge accurately."

"individual education plan"

A written document that outlines specific learning goals, support strategies, and review dates for a student identified as having special educational needs

"The individual education plan set three achievable literacy targets for the autumn term, each with clear criteria for success and a named responsible adult."

"universal design for learning"

A framework for designing flexible lessons that offer multiple means of representation, engagement, and expression so all students can access the curriculum

"Universal design for learning principles guided the teacher to offer video, text, and hands-on options for learning the same science concept."

"learning support assistant"

A trained paraprofessional who works alongside the classroom teacher to provide targeted support to individual students or small groups

"The learning support assistant worked with a small group of three students during independent writing time, providing prompts and scribing where needed."

"sensory processing"

The way the nervous system receives and interprets sensory information; some students are over- or under-responsive, affecting concentration and behaviour

"The teacher created a calming corner with noise-cancelling headphones and fidget tools to support students with sensory processing differences during tests."

"adaptive technology"

Hardware or software designed to help students with disabilities access learning, such as screen readers, speech-to-text tools, or augmentative communication devices

"The student used adaptive technology in the form of a text-to-speech reader, which allowed her to access grade-level texts independently for the first time."

"executive function"

A set of mental skills — including working memory, flexible thinking, and self-control — that students rely on to plan, focus attention, and manage tasks

"Many of his support strategies were designed to reduce executive function demands: breaking tasks into steps, using visual timers, and providing graphic organisers."

"high-incidence disability"

A category of disability that is relatively common in school populations, including learning disabilities, speech-language impairments, and mild intellectual disabilities

"Training in evidence-based reading instruction is particularly important for class teachers, as high-incidence disabilities such as dyslexia affect up to one in five students."