英語文法リファレンス：48の重要構造
文法はルールを暗記するのではなく、理解可能なインプットへの露出を通じて最もよく習得されます。しかし、このリファレンスはある構造に出会ってそれを理解したいときに役立ちます。48項目すべてを閲覧するか、カテゴリで絞り込んでください。
48 structures · 6 categories
"Simple Present"
Expresses habits, facts, and states that are generally true.
"She drinks coffee every morning."
"Present Continuous"
Describes an action happening right now or a temporary situation.
"He is reading a report at the moment."
"Present Perfect"
Links a past action to the present; the exact time is unimportant.
"I have visited Tokyo three times."
"Present Perfect Continuous"
Shows an action that started in the past and is still happening or just stopped.
"They have been working on the project since Monday."
"Simple Past"
Describes a completed action at a specific time in the past.
"We launched the app last year."
"Past Continuous"
Describes an ongoing action at a specific moment in the past, often interrupted.
"I was cooking when she called."
"Past Perfect"
Describes an action completed before another past action.
"By the time he arrived, we had already left."
"Future with "will""
Expresses spontaneous decisions, predictions, and promises about the future.
"I think it will rain tomorrow."
"Zero Conditional"
States general truths and scientific facts. Uses present tense in both clauses.
"If you heat water to 100 °C, it boils."
"First Conditional"
Describes a real and possible future situation and its likely result.
"If it rains, we will cancel the picnic."
"Second Conditional"
Describes an unlikely or imaginary present/future situation.
"If I had more time, I would learn Japanese."
"Third Conditional"
Describes a hypothetical change to a past situation and its imagined result.
"If she had studied harder, she would have passed."
"Mixed Conditional"
Combines a past condition with a present result, or vice versa.
"If I had taken that job, I would be living in Berlin now."
"Unless"
"Unless" means "if not" and introduces the negative condition elegantly.
"Unless you leave now, you will miss the train."
"Wish + Past Simple"
Expresses a desire for a present situation to be different.
"I wish I spoke better French."
"Wish + Past Perfect"
Expresses regret about something that happened or did not happen in the past.
"I wish I had listened to her advice."
"Present Simple Passive"
Describes what is regularly done to the subject. Formed with am/is/are + past participle.
"The reports are reviewed every Friday."
"Past Simple Passive"
Describes what was done to the subject at a specific time.
"The bridge was built in 1923."
"Present Perfect Passive"
Focuses on the result of a past action with current relevance.
"Three new vaccines have been approved this year."
"Future Passive"
Describes what will be done to the subject in the future.
"The results will be announced on Friday."
"Modal Passive"
Combines modal verbs with the passive for obligation, possibility, or advice.
"This form must be signed by a manager."
"Passive with "by""
Identifies the agent when it adds important information.
"The theory was proposed by Einstein."
"Passive with "get""
An informal alternative to be-passive, often implying an unexpected event.
"She got promoted after only six months."
"Causative "have/get""
Describes arranging for someone else to do something for you.
"I had my car serviced at the garage."
"Defining Relative Clause"
Identifies which specific noun is meant. No commas are used. Cannot be removed.
"The man who called you is my brother."
"Non-defining Relative Clause"
Adds extra information about a noun already identified. Set off by commas.
"My sister, who lives in Paris, is a chef."
"Relative Pronoun "who""
Refers to people as the subject or object of the relative clause.
"The teacher who inspired me the most retired last year."
"Relative Pronoun "which""
Refers to things or animals, and can refer back to an entire clause.
"The project, which took two years, was a great success."
"Relative Pronoun "that""
Refers to people or things in defining clauses (not used in non-defining ones).
"This is the book that changed my life."
"Relative Pronoun "whose""
Shows possession, referring to people, animals, or things.
"The student whose essay won the prize is from Brazil."
"Relative Pronoun "where""
Refers to a place within a relative clause.
"The town where I grew up is very small."
"Omitting the Relative Pronoun"
The relative pronoun can be dropped when it is the object of the relative clause.
"The film (that) we watched last night was excellent."
"Can / Can't"
Expresses ability (present) or possibility. "Can't" expresses impossibility or prohibition.
"She can speak four languages."
"Could"
Expresses past ability, polite requests, or weak possibility.
"Could you pass me the salt, please?"
"Must"
Expresses strong obligation (from the speaker) or logical certainty.
"You must wear a seatbelt at all times."
"Have to"
Expresses external obligation or necessity (rules, laws, circumstances).
"I have to submit the form by Friday."
"Should / Ought to"
Expresses advice, recommendation, or a weak obligation.
"You should see a doctor about that cough."
"May / Might"
"May" expresses permission or possibility. "Might" suggests weaker possibility.
"It might rain this afternoon — take an umbrella."
"Would"
Expresses willingness, habitual past actions, or polite offers and requests.
"Would you like another coffee?"
"Need not / Don't have to"
Expresses the absence of obligation — something is not required.
"You don't have to wear a tie to the meeting."
"Indefinite article "a/an""
Introduces a singular countable noun for the first time or classifies it as one of many.
"She bought a new laptop."
"Definite article "the""
Refers to a specific noun already known to both speaker and listener.
"Please close the window — it's cold."
"Zero article with plurals"
No article is used with plural nouns making general statements.
"Cats are independent animals."
"Zero article with uncountable nouns"
No article is used with uncountable nouns in general statements.
"I love music."
""The" with superlatives"
The definite article is always used before superlative adjectives.
"That was the best meal I have ever had."
""The" with unique nouns"
"The" is used with nouns that are one of a kind or considered unique.
"The sun rises in the east."
""A/an" vs "the" on second mention"
Use "a/an" the first time you mention something; switch to "the" on second mention.
"I saw a dog in the park. The dog was chasing a ball."
"No article with proper nouns"
Most names of people, cities, and countries take no article.
"She moved to Tokyo last spring."
よくある質問
英語を流暢に話すには文法規則を暗記する必要がありますか？
いいえ。第二言語習得の研究は一貫して、流暢さは規則を暗記することではなく、理解可能なインプット（英語のリスニングとリーディング）への大量露出から生まれることを示しています。文法規則は気づいた構造を理解したいときの参考として有用ですが、それだけでは流暢さは生まれません。
英語には実際にいくつの時制がありますか？
言語学者の間では議論がありますが、過去・現在・未来にわたる単純形、進行形、完了形、完了進行形を組み合わせると一般的に12の時制があると言われています。実際には、現在単純形、現在進行形、過去単純形、現在完了形が日常的な使用の大部分をカバーしています。
「must」と「have to」の違いは何ですか？
「must」は内的な義務を表します—話者自身がルールを課します（例：「I must exercise more」）。「have to」は状況、規則、または他者によって課される外的な義務を表します（例：「I have to show my passport」）。疑問文や否定文では、日常英語では「have to」がより自然です。
関係節で「who」と「that」はいつ使い分けますか？
「who」と「that」はどちらも制限的関係節で人を指すことができます。フォーマルな文章では人を指す場合は「who」が好まれます。非制限的節では「that」は使えません—「who」または「which」を使います。物を指す場合は非制限的節では「which」、制限的節では「that」または「which」を使います。
英語の冠詞システムが他の言語の話者にとって難しいのはなぜですか？
ロシア語、日本語、中国語など多くの言語には冠詞がまったくなく、そのためシステムが恣意的に感じられます。良いニュースは、母語話者は規則を暗記するのではなく、大量露出を通じて冠詞の使い方を習得するということです。英語をたくさん聞いて読む学習者は、時間とともに自然に冠詞のパターンを吸収していきます。
文法パターンは実際のスピーチや文章の中で出会ったときに定着します。
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