英語の間接話法完全ガイド：時制変化・伝達動詞・変換ルール

陳述文

"She said she was tired"

Direct: "I am tired." — present becomes past in reported speech

"She said she was tired after the long flight."

陳述文

"He told me he had finished"

Direct: "I have finished." — present perfect shifts to past perfect

"He told me he had finished the report before the deadline."

陳述文

"They said they would come"

Direct: "We will come." — will becomes would in reported speech

"They said they would come to the party on Friday."

陳述文

"She explained that she didn't know"

Direct: "I don't know." — simple present shifts to simple past

"She explained that she didn't know the answer to the question."

陳述文

"He mentioned he was leaving"

Direct: "I am leaving." — present continuous shifts to past continuous

"He mentioned he was leaving for Tokyo the next morning."

陳述文

"She admitted she had been wrong"

Direct: "I have been wrong." — perfect shifts back to past perfect

"She admitted she had been wrong about the project timeline."

陳述文

"He confirmed the meeting was cancelled"

Direct: "The meeting is cancelled." — is becomes was

"He confirmed the meeting was cancelled due to bad weather."

陳述文

"They announced they were hiring"

Direct: "We are hiring." — present continuous shifts back in formal reported speech

"They announced they were hiring ten new engineers that quarter."

間接疑問文

"She asked where I lived"

Direct: "Where do you live?" — wh-question becomes statement word order

"She asked where I lived before moving to London."

間接疑問文

"He wondered if I had eaten"

Direct: "Have you eaten?" — yes/no question uses if/whether, no inversion

"He wondered if I had eaten anything since the morning."

間接疑問文

"They asked whether she was coming"

Direct: "Is she coming?" — whether introduces the reported yes/no question

"They asked whether she was coming to the conference in Berlin."

間接疑問文

"She inquired what time it was"

Direct: "What time is it?" — is shifts to was; no inversion after what

"She inquired what time it was when I arrived at the office."

間接疑問文

"He asked why she had left early"

Direct: "Why did she leave early?" — did removed; past shifts to past perfect

"He asked why she had left early without saying goodbye."

間接疑問文

"The teacher asked who had done the homework"

Direct: "Who has done the homework?" — subject question, no inversion needed

"The teacher asked who had done the homework over the weekend."

間接疑問文

"She wanted to know how long I had been waiting"

Direct: "How long have you been waiting?" — perfect continuous shifts back

"She wanted to know how long I had been waiting in the queue."

間接疑問文

"He asked whether I could help him"

Direct: "Can you help me?" — can becomes could in reported speech

"He asked whether I could help him with the translation."

命令・依頼

"She told me to sit down"

Direct: "Sit down!" — imperative becomes told + infinitive

"She told me to sit down and wait for the interview to start."

命令・依頼

"He asked me not to be late"

Direct: "Please don't be late." — negative command uses asked + not + infinitive

"He asked me not to be late for the morning briefing."

命令・依頼

"The doctor advised her to rest"

Direct: "You should rest." — advice reported with advised + infinitive

"The doctor advised her to rest for at least a week after surgery."

命令・依頼

"She warned him not to touch it"

Direct: "Don't touch it!" — warning reported with warned + not + infinitive

"She warned him not to touch the hot surface."

命令・依頼

"He ordered the soldiers to advance"

Direct: "Advance!" — command reported with ordered + infinitive

"He ordered the soldiers to advance at dawn."

命令・依頼

"She urged me to apply"

Direct: "You really should apply!" — strong encouragement uses urged + infinitive

"She urged me to apply for the scholarship before the deadline."

命令・依頼

"He reminded me to lock the door"

Direct: "Don't forget to lock the door." — reminder uses reminded + infinitive

"He reminded me to lock the door before leaving the office."

命令・依頼

"She begged him to stay"

Direct: "Please stay!" — pleading reported with begged + infinitive

"She begged him to stay for just one more day."

時制の後退

"present simple → past simple"

Direct: "I work here." → He said he worked there.

"She said she worked at the hospital. (Direct: "I work at the hospital.")"

時制の後退

"present continuous → past continuous"

Direct: "I am studying." → She said she was studying.

"He said he was studying for his exams. (Direct: "I am studying.")"

時制の後退

"present perfect → past perfect"

Direct: "I have seen it." → She said she had seen it.

"She said she had seen the film twice already. (Direct: "I have seen it twice.")"

時制の後退

"past simple → past perfect"

Direct: "I went there." → He said he had gone there.

"He said he had gone to Paris the summer before. (Direct: "I went to Paris.")"

時制の後退

"will → would"

Direct: "I will call you." → She said she would call me.

"She said she would call me the following morning. (Direct: "I will call you.")"

時制の後退

"can → could"

Direct: "I can help." → He said he could help.

"He said he could help with the move on Saturday. (Direct: "I can help.")"

時制の後退

"may → might"

Direct: "It may rain." → She said it might rain.

"She said it might rain later that afternoon. (Direct: "It may rain.")"

時制の後退

"must → had to"

Direct: "I must leave." → He said he had to leave.

"He said he had to leave immediately after the meeting. (Direct: "I must leave.")"

伝達動詞

"say / tell"

Neutral verbs for passing on information; say takes no object, tell requires one

"She said the train was delayed. He told me the train was delayed."

伝達動詞

"explain / clarify"

Used when giving a reason or making something clearer

"She explained that the delay was caused by engineering works."

伝達動詞

"claim / insist"

Suggest the speaker asserts something strongly, often with implied doubt

"He claimed he had never seen the document before."

伝達動詞

"admit / confess"

Used when reporting something the speaker acknowledged reluctantly

"She admitted she had made a mistake in the figures."

伝達動詞

"deny / refuse"

Deny reports a negative claim; refuse reports unwillingness to act

"He denied knowing anything about the missing files."

伝達動詞

"suggest / recommend"

Report advice or proposals; followed by -ing or a that-clause

"She suggested taking the earlier train to avoid traffic."

伝達動詞

"promise / threaten"

Report a commitment or a warning of negative action

"He promised he would return the money by Friday."

伝達動詞

"announce / declare"

Used for formal or public statements made to a group

"The CEO announced that the company had exceeded its targets."

時・場所の変化

"now → then / at that moment"

Direct: "I am busy now." → She said she was busy then.

"She said she was busy then and couldn't take any calls."

時・場所の変化

"today → that day"

Direct: "I am leaving today." → He said he was leaving that day.

"He said he was leaving that day on the evening flight."

時・場所の変化

"yesterday → the day before / the previous day"

Direct: "It happened yesterday." → She said it had happened the day before.

"She said it had happened the day before during the afternoon shift."

時・場所の変化

"tomorrow → the next day / the following day"

Direct: "I'll call tomorrow." → He said he would call the next day.

"He said he would call the following day with an update."

時・場所の変化

"last week → the week before / the previous week"

Direct: "We met last week." → She said they had met the week before.

"She said they had met the previous week to discuss the proposal."

時・場所の変化

"next year → the following year"

Direct: "We will expand next year." → They said they would expand the following year.

"They said they would open a new branch the following year."

時・場所の変化

"here → there"

Direct: "Come here!" → She told him to go there.

"She told him to go there and wait by the main entrance."

時・場所の変化

"this → that / these → those"

Direct: "Take this form." → He told me to take that form.

"He told me to take that form and fill it in carefully."