英語の文型完全ガイド：基本から上級構文まで
流暢な英文はすべて、何らかのパターンに従っています。「主語＋動詞」という基本から、洗練された倒置や分裂文まで、これらの構造を理解することで、明確で多様かつ正確な英語を産出するための強力なツールキットが手に入ります。以下で48のパターンをすべて参照するか、必要な構文タイプで絞り込んでください。
48 items · 6 topics
"Subject + Verb"
The most basic sentence: one subject, one action
"She runs every morning."
"Subject + Verb + Object"
Subject performs an action on an object
"He reads the newspaper."
"Subject + Verb + Complement"
A linking verb connects the subject to a description
"The coffee smells wonderful."
"Subject + Verb + Indirect Object + Direct Object"
Subject gives something to someone
"She sent her friend a message."
"There + to be + Subject"
Introduces the existence of something
"There is a problem with the system."
"It + to be + Adjective + to-infinitive"
Evaluates an action with a dummy subject
"It is important to stay focused."
"Subject + Verb + Adverbial"
Adds time, place, or manner to a simple action
"The train arrived at noon."
"Imperative form"
Gives a direct command or instruction without a stated subject
"Turn left at the traffic light."
"Clause + and + Clause"
Joins two equally important ideas
"She finished her report, and he submitted it."
"Clause + but + Clause"
Contrasts two ideas of equal weight
"The plan was good, but the timing was wrong."
"Clause + or + Clause"
Presents an alternative
"You can call me tonight, or you can send an email."
"Clause + so + Clause"
Shows a result or consequence
"The road was icy, so we drove slowly."
"Clause + yet + Clause"
Introduces a surprising contrast
"He studied hard, yet he failed the exam."
"Clause + for + Clause"
Gives a reason for the first clause (formal)
"She stayed late, for there was still work to be done."
"Clause + nor + Clause"
Adds a second negative idea
"He did not apologise, nor did he explain himself."
"Clause + semicolon + Clause"
Links two closely related independent clauses without a conjunction
"The results were clear; the team celebrated."
"Although + clause, main clause"
Introduces a concessive contrast
"Although it was raining, we continued the match."
"Because + clause, main clause"
Gives the reason for the main clause
"Because she practised daily, her accent improved rapidly."
"If + clause, main clause"
States a condition for the main clause
"If you study consistently, you will make progress."
"When + clause, main clause"
Specifies the time at which something happens
"When the meeting ends, we can discuss the details."
"While + clause, main clause"
Shows two actions happening at the same time
"While he was speaking, she took careful notes."
"Main clause + which/that + relative clause"
Adds defining or non-defining information about a noun
"The book that she recommended was out of stock."
"Main clause + so that + clause"
Expresses purpose
"He left early so that he could avoid the traffic."
"Unless + clause, main clause"
States a negative condition
"Unless you register today, you will lose your place."
"Subject + is/are + past participle"
Simple present passive — describes a current state or repeated action
"English is spoken in over 50 countries."
"Subject + was/were + past participle"
Simple past passive — describes a completed action
"The contract was signed yesterday."
"Subject + has/have been + past participle"
Present perfect passive — action completed with current relevance
"The report has been submitted to the board."
"Subject + will be + past participle"
Future passive — describes what will happen to the subject
"The results will be announced next Friday."
"Subject + is/are being + past participle"
Present continuous passive — action in progress right now
"The software is being updated at the moment."
"Subject + was/were being + past participle"
Past continuous passive — action was in progress at a point in the past
"The bridge was being repaired when the storm hit."
"Subject + is/are said to + infinitive"
Reports what people generally believe or claim
"Regular reading is said to improve vocabulary significantly."
"It + passive verb + that-clause"
Impersonal passive used to report general belief or knowledge
"It is widely known that sleep affects memory."
"It is/was + focus + that/who + clause"
It-cleft: highlights a specific part of the sentence for emphasis
"It was the deadline that caused so much stress."
"What + clause + is/was + focus"
Wh-cleft (pseudo-cleft): moves the focus to the end
"What surprised everyone was her calmness under pressure."
"The thing that + clause + is + focus"
Emphasises the most important element using a noun phrase
"The thing that matters most is consistency."
"All + subject + verb + is/was + focus"
Restricts meaning to one element; implies nothing else matters
"All she wanted was a simple apology."
"It is/was not until + time phrase + that + clause"
Stresses when something finally happened
"It was not until midnight that we found the solution."
"What + subject + did + was (to) + infinitive"
Focuses on the action performed
"What he did was rewrite the entire introduction."
"It is/was + noun phrase + who/that + clause"
Identifies a specific person or thing as responsible
"It was the manager who approved the final budget."
"The reason + that/why + clause + is that + clause"
Highlights the cause or explanation
"The reason she left early is that she had a flight to catch."
"Never + auxiliary + subject + main verb"
Fronts a negative adverb for emphasis; formal or literary
"Never have I seen such dedication in a student."
"Not only + auxiliary + subject + verb, but also"
Emphasises two connected points, the second more surprising
"Not only did she win the award, but she also broke the record."
"Rarely + auxiliary + subject + main verb"
Fronts a negative frequency adverb for strong emphasis
"Rarely does the committee reverse its decision."
"Hardly + auxiliary + subject + verb + when + clause"
Describes two events in very rapid succession
"Hardly had we arrived when the argument started."
"No sooner + auxiliary + subject + verb + than + clause"
Similar to hardly … when; stresses immediate sequence
"No sooner had she left than the phone rang."
"Only when/if + clause + auxiliary + subject + main verb"
Restricts the condition; inversion follows the introductory clause
"Only when you listen carefully will you notice the difference."
"Should + subject + verb (conditional inversion)"
Replaces if in formal conditionals
"Should you need any assistance, please contact our team."
"Were + subject + to + infinitive"
Formal hypothetical condition replacing if … were to
"Were she to resign, the whole project would be at risk."
よくある質問
英語の基本的な文型とは何ですか？
5つの基本文型があります：主語＋動詞（She runs）、主語＋動詞＋目的語（He reads books）、主語＋動詞＋補語（It sounds great）、主語＋動詞＋副詞的要素（They arrived late）、主語＋動詞＋間接目的語＋直接目的語（She gave me a gift）。より複雑な文はすべてこれらの基盤の上に構築されます。
重文と複文の違いは何ですか？
重文は、等位接続詞（and、but、or、soなど）を使って二つ以上の独立節を結びます。各節は単独で文として成立します。複文は、一つの主節と、because・although・when・ifなどで始まる従属節を少なくとも一つ含みます。従属節は単独では文として成立しません。
分裂文とは何ですか？なぜ使われるのですか？
分裂文は、注目を特定の要素に集めるために、単純な文を二つの節に分割します。主な種類は、it-cleft（"It was the price that put us off"）とwh-cleft（"What we need is more time"）の二種類です。強調の追加・情報の対比・誤解の訂正に使われ、英語の話し言葉・書き言葉の両方で非常によく使われます。
英語で倒置はいつ使いますか？
倒置（助動詞を主語の前に置く）は、疑問文・特定の否定副詞の後（Never have I...、Rarely does she...）・フォーマルな条件節（Should you need help...、Were it possible...）・"so/neither/nor"を使った短い応答に現れます。フォーマルさと強調を加えるもので、書き言葉や学術英語で特によく見られます。
文型を学ぶことで流暢さはどう向上しますか？
文型は再利用可能な思考テンプレートです。「Not only did X, but Y also」のような構造をいちど習得すれば、どんな語彙でも当てはめて即座に文法的に正しく洗練された文を作れます。文型の学習と、ポッドキャスト・映画・ビデオレッスンなどの本物の英語を大量に聴くことを組み合わせると、習得が飛躍的に加速します。
これらのパターンを自然な発話の中で聞くことが、自分の英語の書き言葉・話し言葉で自然に使えるようになる最速の方法です。
本物の英語動画で練習する →