英語の時制：例文付き完全ガイド
英語には、3つの時間軸（現在・過去・未来）と4つのアスペクト（単純・進行・完了・完了進行）から成る12の基本時制があります。このガイドでは各時制の形・意味・自然な例文を示します。検索またはカテゴリで絞り込んで学習しましょう。
48 items · 6 topics
"I work from home every day."
Routine or habitual action in the present
"She drinks coffee every morning before checking her emails."
"Water boils at 100 °C."
Scientific fact or permanent truth
"The sun rises in the east and sets in the west."
"The train leaves at 9 am."
Fixed timetable or scheduled event
"The meeting starts at two o'clock sharp."
"I live in London."
Permanent state or situation
"He works as a software engineer at a tech startup."
"She always forgets her keys."
Habitual tendency, often with frequency adverb
"They never eat meat — they've been vegetarian for years."
"Do you speak French?"
Question about ability or habit
"Does he understand the instructions?"
"He doesn't like spicy food."
Negative present habit or preference
"We don't go to the gym on weekdays."
"The hero escapes and saves the day."
Historical present used in storytelling
"Shakespeare writes about love, power, and betrayal."
"I am studying for my exam right now."
Action happening at the moment of speaking
"She is talking on the phone — I'll ask her to call you back."
"They are building a new hospital nearby."
Ongoing action around the current period
"We are developing a new feature for the app this sprint."
"I am meeting the client tomorrow."
Arranged future plan (near future)
"She is flying to Tokyo next Thursday for the conference."
"He is always interrupting me!"
Annoying repeated behaviour (with "always")
"You are constantly checking your phone during dinner!"
"The climate is getting warmer every year."
Changing or developing situation
"More and more people are working remotely these days."
"Are you enjoying the course?"
Question about ongoing or temporary experience
"Is she still living with her parents while she saves up?"
"I am not feeling well today."
Temporary state (some stative verbs used here informally)
"He is not sleeping properly since he started night shifts."
"We are having dinner with friends tonight."
Fixed social arrangement in the near future
"They are celebrating their anniversary at a restaurant on Friday."
"She graduated from university in 2018."
Completed action at a specific past time
"He moved to Berlin three years ago and never looked back."
"I worked there for five years."
Past state or situation that is now finished
"They lived in Paris for a decade before returning home."
"Did you call the doctor?"
Question about a past event
"Did she finish the report before the deadline?"
"He didn't say anything."
Negative past action
"We didn't know about the meeting until this morning."
"Every summer we camped by the lake."
Past habit or repeated action (no longer happening)
"As a child she always wore her grandmother's old coat."
"The earthquake struck at dawn."
Single historical event at a known time
"The company launched its first product in 2010."
"I saw him as I was leaving the office."
Short action interrupting a longer past action
"She dropped her phone just as she stepped onto the bus."
"Once upon a time, a young king ruled a small kingdom."
Narrative past in stories and anecdotes
"Last night I dreamed I was flying over the city."
"I have visited Japan twice."
Life experience without specifying when
"She has never tried sushi despite living near a Japanese restaurant."
"He has just sent the email."
Very recent action with present relevance
"The team has just finished the final round of testing."
"Have you ever lived abroad?"
Question about life experience up to now
"Has she ever performed in front of a live audience?"
"I haven't eaten since breakfast."
Action that has not happened yet up to now
"We haven't received any feedback from the client yet."
"She has worked here for ten years."
State or action that started in the past and continues now
"They have been married since 1995 and are still together."
"The prices have risen sharply this month."
Change or development up to the present
"His English has improved dramatically over the last six months."
"I've already finished the homework."
Completed action before an expected time
"She has already applied to five universities."
"Something has happened — he looks pale."
Unspecified past event with a visible present result
"Someone has moved my laptop — it's not where I left it."
"I will call you when I arrive."
Spontaneous decision or promise made at the moment of speaking
"Don't worry, I'll help you move the furniture tomorrow."
"She is going to study medicine."
Intention or plan already decided before speaking
"They are going to renovate the apartment this spring."
"The sun will rise at 6:14 am tomorrow."
Certain future fact or prediction based on knowledge
"Experts predict that AI will transform most industries within a decade."
"He is presenting the results on Friday."
Arranged future event (present continuous for future)
"We are launching the new product line at the trade fair next week."
"Look at those clouds — it's going to rain."
Prediction based on present evidence
"He's going to win — his preparation has been exceptional."
"By 2030, scientists will have mapped the entire ocean floor."
Action completed before a future point (future perfect)
"She will have graduated by the time her parents arrive for the ceremony."
"This time next year I will be living in New York."
Action in progress at a specific future time (future continuous)
"At midnight they will be celebrating the new year in Times Square."
"I'll have been working here for 20 years next June."
Duration of an action up to a specific future moment
"By the end of the month, she will have been learning Spanish for two years."
"I have been waiting for an hour."
Action that started in the past and is still continuing now (present perfect continuous)
"She has been studying for three hours and still isn't finished."
"He was writing the report when the power cut."
Ongoing past action interrupted by another event (past continuous)
"They were watching a film when the doorbell rang."
"She had been crying before we arrived."
Ongoing action before another past event with visible result (past perfect continuous)
"He had been working non-stop for 14 hours before he finally collapsed."
"They had already left when I got there."
Action completed before another past event (past perfect simple)
"By the time the ambulance arrived, she had already regained consciousness."
"I have been living here since 2010."
Continuous state or action emphasising duration up to now
"We have been trying to reach them all day with no response."
"It had been raining all week so the river flooded."
Prolonged past action explaining a past situation
"She had been practising the speech for weeks, so she delivered it flawlessly."
"The road was being repaired, so we took a detour."
Passive continuous — ongoing past action (past continuous passive)
"The bridge is being inspected this week, so all traffic is diverted."
"By next month, she will have been training for a year."
Duration of an action up to a point in the future (future perfect continuous)
"By graduation day, he will have been studying computer science for four years."
よくある質問
英語の時制はいくつありますか？
英語には合計12の時制があります：Present Simple（現在単純形）、Present Continuous（現在進行形）、Present Perfect（現在完了形）、Present Perfect Continuous（現在完了進行形）、Past Simple（過去単純形）、Past Continuous（過去進行形）、Past Perfect（過去完了形）、Past Perfect Continuous（過去完了進行形）、Future Simple（will を使った未来形）、Future Continuous（未来進行形）、Future Perfect（未来完了形）、Future Perfect Continuous（未来完了進行形）です。
現在完了形と過去単純形の違いは何ですか？
過去単純形は、特定の過去の時点での完了した動作を表します（"I saw him yesterday"）。現在完了形は、過去の動作と現在をつなぎます——最近の結果（"I have just seen him"）、人生経験（"I have seen that film"）、継続している状態（"I have lived here for ten years"）として使われます。具体的な過去の時点が示されている場合は過去単純形を使い、現在とのつながりが重要な場合は現在完了形を使います。
未来を表す「going to」と「will」はいつ使い分けますか？
「going to」は、話す前にすでに決めた計画や意図（"I am going to start a business next year"）や、現在の証拠に基づく予測（"Look — it's going to rain"）に使います。「will」は、話す瞬間の自発的な決定（"I'll answer the phone"）、約束、申し出、または目に見える証拠のない一般的な予測（"I think prices will rise"）に使います。
現在完了進行形はどんな時に使いますか？
現在完了進行形（have/has + been + -ing）は、過去に始まり今も続いているか、つい先ほど終わった動作の継続時間を強調します：「I have been studying English for two years.」現在に可視の結果がある場合にもよく使われます：「Her eyes are red because she has been crying.」完了を重視する現在完了単純形とは対照的に、継続・継続時間に焦点を当てます。
英語の時制が学習者にとって難しく感じられるのはなぜですか？
英語の時制は他の言語の時制と一対一で対応していないため、混乱を招きます。同じ時制が、別の言語では異なる時制を必要とする状況をカバーすることもあります。時制を身につける最も効果的な方法は、抽象的なルールを暗記するのではなく、本物の英語——ポッドキャスト・動画・書き物——に大量に触れることです。
時制を最速で身につける方法は、本物の会話やストーリーの中でそれらを聞くことです。
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