Inglês para ortopedia: 48 termos essenciais

"cortical bone"

the dense outer layer of bone that provides structural strength and protects the inner cancellous tissue

"The radiograph showed a fracture line extending through the cortical bone of the femoral shaft."

"cancellous bone"

the spongy, lattice-like inner bone tissue that contains red marrow and absorbs mechanical stress

"Cancellous bone loss was evident on the DXA scan, raising the patient's fragility fracture risk significantly."

"articular cartilage"

the smooth hyaline cartilage covering the ends of bones within a joint, reducing friction and absorbing load

"MRI confirmed full-thickness loss of articular cartilage on the medial femoral condyle."

"growth plate"

the area of developing cartilage near the end of long bones in children where longitudinal growth occurs; also called the physis

"The fracture involved the growth plate, so the child was referred to a paediatric orthopaedic specialist."

"medullary canal"

the hollow central cavity inside a long bone that contains bone marrow

"An intramedullary nail was inserted through the medullary canal to stabilise the tibial fracture."

"periosteum"

the dense fibrous membrane covering the outer surface of bone, supplying blood vessels and cells for repair

"Periosteal stripping during the fall contributed to the delayed healing of the humeral fracture."

"condyle"

a rounded articular prominence at the end of a bone that forms part of a joint

"The surgeon noted osteophyte formation on the lateral condyle of the femur during arthroscopy."

"trochanter"

a large bony prominence on the femur serving as a site for muscle attachment; the greater and lesser trochanters are the two main ones

"Avulsion of the lesser trochanter was identified on the X-ray following the athletic injury."

"comminuted fracture"

a fracture in which the bone is shattered into three or more fragments

"The high-energy road traffic accident resulted in a comminuted fracture of the tibial plateau."

"stress fracture"

a small crack in bone caused by repetitive loading rather than a single traumatic event

"The long-distance runner was diagnosed with a stress fracture of the second metatarsal after six weeks of foot pain."

"pathological fracture"

a fracture occurring through bone that has been weakened by disease such as osteoporosis, infection, or tumour

"A pathological fracture of the proximal femur was the first indication of metastatic breast cancer."

"open fracture"

a fracture where bone breaches the skin, creating a direct communication between the break and the external environment; classified by the Gustilo-Anderson system

"The open fracture was urgently taken to theatre for wound irrigation and external fixation."

"displaced fracture"

a fracture where the bone fragments have moved out of their normal alignment

"The displaced fracture of the distal radius required closed reduction and casting under regional anaesthesia."

"avulsion fracture"

a fracture in which a fragment of bone is pulled away at a tendon or ligament attachment site

"An avulsion fracture of the base of the fifth metatarsal was confirmed, consistent with a lateral ankle inversion injury."

"non-union"

failure of a fracture to heal within the expected timeframe, typically six to nine months

"Non-union of the scaphoid fracture required bone grafting and internal fixation to achieve healing."

"malunion"

healing of a fracture in an incorrect position, resulting in deformity or functional impairment

"Malunion of the Colles' fracture left the patient with a 15-degree dorsal angulation and reduced grip strength."

"ligament sprain"

stretching or partial or complete tearing of a ligament, graded I (mild) to III (complete rupture)

"The athlete sustained a Grade II lateral ligament sprain of the ankle during the match."

"meniscal tear"

a tear in the fibrocartilaginous disc within the knee joint that acts as a shock absorber

"Arthroscopy confirmed a bucket-handle meniscal tear of the medial meniscus requiring partial meniscectomy."

"tendinopathy"

a chronic degenerative condition of a tendon characterised by pain, swelling, and reduced function, often from overuse

"Insertional Achilles tendinopathy was managed conservatively with eccentric loading exercises."

"bursitis"

inflammation of a bursa — a fluid-filled sac that cushions tendons and bones near joints

"Prepatellar bursitis caused significant anterior knee swelling in the carpet-layer presenting to the clinic."

"synovitis"

inflammation of the synovial membrane lining a joint, producing pain, warmth, and effusion

"Persistent synovitis of the hip was the first clinical sign of juvenile idiopathic arthritis."

"rotator cuff tear"

a full or partial thickness tear of one or more of the four muscles and tendons stabilising the glenohumeral joint

"MRI arthrography confirmed a full-thickness supraspinatus rotator cuff tear requiring surgical repair."

"anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture"

a complete tear of the ACL, the primary stabiliser of the knee against anterior tibial translation

"The footballer suffered an ACL rupture after a non-contact pivot and required reconstructive surgery."

"effusion"

abnormal accumulation of fluid within a joint cavity, producing swelling and restricting movement

"A large knee effusion was aspirated to relieve pain, and the fluid was sent for culture."

"disc herniation"

protrusion of the nucleus pulposus through the annulus fibrosus of an intervertebral disc, potentially compressing spinal nerves

"The L5–S1 disc herniation caused sciatica radiating to the left foot, prompting surgical referral."

"spinal stenosis"

narrowing of the spinal canal or neural foramina that compresses the spinal cord or nerve roots

"Lumbar spinal stenosis produced neurogenic claudication with walking distances less than fifty metres."

"spondylolisthesis"

forward slippage of one vertebra over the one below, graded I–IV by the percentage of displacement

"A Grade II L4–L5 spondylolisthesis was found incidentally on imaging and monitored conservatively."

"radiculopathy"

pain, numbness, or weakness radiating along the distribution of a spinal nerve root due to compression or irritation

"Cervical radiculopathy at C6 produced paraesthesia in the thumb and index finger."

"myelopathy"

dysfunction of the spinal cord itself, causing upper motor neurone signs such as spasticity and hyperreflexia

"Cervical myelopathy was diagnosed when the patient displayed a positive Hoffman's sign and gait disturbance."

"scoliosis"

a lateral curvature of the spine measuring more than ten degrees on the Cobb angle, often with rotational deformity

"Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis of 42 degrees was treated with posterior spinal fusion."

"laminectomy"

surgical removal of the lamina (the back part of a vertebra) to decompress the spinal canal

"A single-level laminectomy at L3–L4 provided significant relief of the patient's neurogenic claudication."

"cauda equina syndrome"

a surgical emergency caused by compression of the bundle of nerve roots below the spinal cord, presenting with saddle anaesthesia, bladder dysfunction, and lower limb weakness

"Urinary retention and saddle anaesthesia prompted emergency MRI confirming cauda equina syndrome."

"total knee arthroplasty (TKA)"

surgical replacement of all three compartments of the knee joint with prosthetic components

"Total knee arthroplasty was offered after conservative measures failed to control the patient's end-stage osteoarthritis."

"total hip arthroplasty (THA)"

replacement of the femoral head and acetabulum with prosthetic components to restore hip function

"Total hip arthroplasty using a cementless press-fit stem achieved excellent primary stability."

"cemented fixation"

use of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) bone cement to bond a prosthesis to the surrounding bone

"Cemented fixation was chosen given the patient's osteoporotic bone quality and age of 82."

"cementless fixation"

implant design relying on bone ingrowth into a porous or coated surface for long-term stability, avoiding cement

"Cementless fixation was preferred for the young active patient to preserve bone stock for future revision."

"bearing surface"

the articulating interface between prosthetic components, e.g. metal-on-polyethylene, ceramic-on-ceramic

"A ceramic-on-ceramic bearing surface was selected to minimise wear particle generation in the young patient."

"revision arthroplasty"

a second or subsequent operation to remove and replace a failed or infected joint replacement

"Revision arthroplasty was required at eight years due to aseptic loosening of the acetabular component."

"aseptic loosening"

mechanical failure of the bond between a prosthesis and bone without infection, driven by osteolysis from wear particles

"Progressive aseptic loosening identified on serial radiographs led to the decision to revise the hip replacement."

"periprosthetic fracture"

a fracture occurring adjacent to or around a joint implant, often requiring complex surgical management

"The patient sustained a periprosthetic fracture of the femur around the stem after a minor fall."

"weight-bearing status"

the degree to which a patient is permitted to load an injured limb, ranging from non-weight-bearing through full weight-bearing

"Post-operatively the patient was kept on partial weight-bearing with crutches for six weeks."

"range of motion (ROM)"

the arc of movement through which a joint can travel, measured in degrees and compared with the contralateral side

"At three months post-TKA, the patient achieved 0–110 degrees of range of motion, meeting the rehabilitation target."

"proprioception"

the body's ability to sense its position in space through receptors in joints and muscles

"Balance board exercises were prescribed to restore proprioception following the ankle ligament reconstruction."

"deep vein thrombosis (DVT) prophylaxis"

measures taken to prevent blood clots forming in the leg veins after orthopaedic surgery, including anticoagulants and compression stockings

"DVT prophylaxis with low-molecular-weight heparin was continued for 35 days after total hip arthroplasty."

"continuous passive motion (CPM)"

a device that passively moves a joint through a programmed range of motion to promote cartilage healing and prevent stiffness

"The patient used a CPM machine for six hours per day following knee articular cartilage repair."

"functional outcome score"

a validated patient-reported questionnaire measuring pain and function after orthopaedic treatment, e.g. Oxford Knee Score, Harris Hip Score

"The Oxford Knee Score improved from 18 to 42 at twelve months, indicating a clinically significant outcome."

"gait analysis"

systematic measurement of walking patterns using motion capture or clinical observation to identify biomechanical abnormalities

"Gait analysis revealed a Trendelenburg pattern due to residual hip abductor weakness after THR."

"return to sport"

the staged process by which an athlete progresses from injury back to full competitive participation, guided by functional criteria

"Return to sport criteria after ACL reconstruction required nine months of rehabilitation and passing hop tests."