Упражнения по грамматике английского: полное руководство

Времена глаголов

"present simple"

Used for habits, facts, and routines; formed with the base verb (+ -s/-es for third person singular)

"She studies English every morning and always finishes by nine o'clock."

Времена глаголов

"present continuous"

Used for actions happening right now or temporary situations; formed with am/is/are + verb-ing

"He is preparing his presentation right now and cannot take any calls."

Времена глаголов

"present perfect"

Links past actions to the present moment; formed with have/has + past participle

"I have already submitted the report, so you can review it at any time."

Времена глаголов

"past simple"

Describes completed actions at a specific time in the past; uses the past form of the verb

"She called the office three times yesterday but nobody answered."

Времена глаголов

"past continuous"

Describes an action in progress at a specific moment in the past; formed with was/were + verb-ing

"When the phone rang, he was writing an email to the client."

Времена глаголов

"past perfect"

Describes an action completed before another past action; formed with had + past participle

"By the time she arrived at the airport, her flight had already departed."

Времена глаголов

"future simple"

Expresses predictions, decisions, or offers about the future; formed with will + base verb

"I will help you with the translation if you send me the document tonight."

Времена глаголов

"present perfect continuous"

Emphasises the duration of an ongoing activity that started in the past; formed with have/has been + verb-ing

"They have been negotiating the contract for three weeks and are close to an agreement."

Условные предложения

"zero conditional"

Expresses universal truths and scientific facts; uses present simple in both clauses

"If you heat water to 100°C, it boils — this fact never changes regardless of circumstances."

Условные предложения

"first conditional"

Expresses real, probable future situations; uses present simple + will/can/may in the result clause

"If she passes the exam, she will receive a full scholarship to the university."

Условные предложения

"second conditional"

Expresses hypothetical or unlikely present/future situations; uses past simple + would in the result clause

"If I had more time, I would learn a third language alongside my English studies."

Условные предложения

"third conditional"

Expresses imaginary situations in the past that cannot be changed; uses past perfect + would have + past participle

"If he had studied harder, he would have passed the IELTS exam on his first attempt."

Условные предложения

"mixed conditional (past → present)"

A past-perfect if clause combined with a would result clause to describe how a past event affects the present

"If she had accepted the job offer in London, she would be living there now."

Условные предложения

"mixed conditional (present → past)"

A past-simple if clause combined with a would-have result clause to describe how a present state affected the past

"If he were a faster reader, he would have finished the novel by last week."

Условные предложения

"unless"

A conditional conjunction meaning "if not"; introduces a negative condition that triggers the result

"Unless you confirm by Friday, we will have to cancel your reservation without a refund."

Условные предложения

"wish + past perfect"

Expresses regret about a situation in the past that cannot be undone; used in imaginative or hypothetical reflection

"She wishes she had taken more English classes before starting her international career."

Модальные глаголы

"can / could (ability)"

Can expresses present ability; could expresses past ability or a more polite, tentative request

"She can speak four languages fluently, but she could only manage two when she started her degree."

Модальные глаголы

"may / might (possibility)"

Both express possibility; might suggests a slightly lower degree of certainty than may

"It may rain during the outdoor ceremony, so it might be wise to arrange a backup venue."

Модальные глаголы

"must (obligation / deduction)"

Expresses strong obligation from the speaker, or a logical deduction based on evidence

"You must submit your application by midnight, and she must be exhausted — she has been working non-stop."

Модальные глаголы

"should / ought to (advice)"

Expresses advice, recommendation, or mild obligation; ought to carries the same meaning but is slightly more formal

"You should practise speaking English every day; you ought to join a conversation group to improve faster."

Модальные глаголы

"would (hypothetical / habit)"

Expresses hypothetical situations or repeated past habits; commonly used in conditional sentences

"I would travel more often if flights were cheaper, and as a child I would read for two hours every evening."

Модальные глаголы

"need not / do not need to"

Expresses the absence of obligation; needn't (modal) implies the speaker grants permission to skip, while don't need to is more factual

"You needn't arrive before nine; you don't need to bring printed copies because everything is digital."

Модальные глаголы

"had better"

Expresses urgent advice or a warning about negative consequences if the action is not taken

"You had better leave now or you will miss the last bus to the station."

Модальные глаголы

"be able to"

A semi-modal expressing ability; used as an alternative to can, especially in future, perfect, and infinitive contexts where can cannot appear

"She has been able to communicate confidently in English since completing the intensive course."

Страдательный залог

"present simple passive"

Formed with am/is/are + past participle; describes regular or habitual processes

"The reports are reviewed by the senior editor before they are published on the website."

Страдательный залог

"past simple passive"

Formed with was/were + past participle; describes completed events where the focus is on what happened rather than who did it

"The contract was signed last Tuesday and the documents were sent to all parties immediately."

Страдательный залог

"present perfect passive"

Formed with have/has been + past participle; links a past action to the present without specifying when exactly

"All applications have been received, and three candidates have been shortlisted for interview."

Страдательный залог

"future passive"

Formed with will be + past participle; describes future events where the agent is unknown or unimportant

"The results will be announced next week and winners will be notified by email."

Страдательный залог

"passive with modal verbs"

Formed with modal + be + past participle; commonly used in formal and academic writing

"Mistakes can be avoided if the instructions are followed carefully by all team members."

Страдательный залог

"passive with get"

An informal alternative to be + past participle; often implies that something happened unexpectedly or was unpleasant

"He got promoted last month, but unfortunately she got fired the same week due to budget cuts."

Страдательный залог

"causative have/get"

Formed with have/get + object + past participle; means arranging for someone else to do something for you

"She had her essay proofread by a native speaker before submitting it to the university."

Страдательный залог

"impersonal passive"

Uses phrases like it is said, it is believed, or it is reported to present information without attributing it to a source

"It is widely believed that regular reading is the most effective way to expand vocabulary."

Косвенная речь

"backshift rule"

The principle that verb tenses move one step back in time when converting direct speech to reported speech

"He said, "I am working late." → He said that he was working late and would finish by midnight."

Косвенная речь

"reporting verbs"

Verbs used to introduce reported speech, such as say, tell, explain, claim, admit, deny, suggest, and warn

"She admitted that she had made an error, and she explained how she intended to correct it."

Косвенная речь

"reported questions (yes/no)"

Indirect questions about whether something is true; use if or whether and statement word order (no inversion)

"He asked if she had already submitted her thesis, and she confirmed that she had."

Косвенная речь

"reported questions (wh-)"

Indirect wh- questions use the wh- word + statement word order; the auxiliary do/does/did is dropped

"The interviewer asked where she had studied and what qualifications she had obtained."

Косвенная речь

"reported commands"

Reported instructions and orders use tell/ask/warn + object + (not) to + infinitive

"The manager told everyone to submit their timesheets by Friday and asked them not to be late."

Косвенная речь

"say vs. tell"

Say is used without an indirect object (he said it); tell requires an indirect object (he told me); both introduce reported speech

"She said the meeting was postponed, but she didn't tell us when the new date would be."

Косвенная речь

"time and place references"

Words like now, today, here, and this change in reported speech to then, that day, there, and that

"She said, "I will call you tomorrow." → She said she would call him the next day."

Косвенная речь

"modal verbs in reported speech"

Will → would; can → could; may → might; must → had to; should and ought to do not change

"He said he could help on Thursday and that she should confirm by Wednesday at the latest."

Придаточные и связки

"defining relative clause"

Identifies which person or thing is meant; uses who, which, or that; no commas; cannot be removed without changing the meaning

"The student who scored highest on the test was offered a full scholarship to the programme."

Придаточные и связки

"non-defining relative clause"

Adds extra information about an already-identified noun; uses who, which, whose; set off with commas; can be removed

"Dr. Patel, who has taught here for twenty years, was awarded a lifetime achievement prize."

Придаточные и связки

"concession connector (although / even though / despite)"

Introduces a contrasting or unexpected idea; although and even though are followed by a clause; despite is followed by a noun or -ing form

"Although the course was demanding, she completed every assignment; despite the pressure, her grades improved."

Придаточные и связки

"purpose clause (so that / in order to)"

Explains the purpose or reason for an action; so that is followed by a clause; in order to is followed by an infinitive

"She revised every chapter so that she would be prepared; she also made detailed notes in order to review them later."

Придаточные и связки

"result connector (therefore / as a result / consequently)"

Shows that one event causes or leads to another; used to link cause and effect in formal writing

"The deadline was moved forward; as a result, the entire team had to work over the weekend to complete the project."

Придаточные и связки

"condition clause (provided that / as long as / on condition that)"

Introduces a condition that must be satisfied for the result to occur; more formal or precise than if

"You may borrow the reference books provided that you return them within forty-eight hours."

Придаточные и связки

"adverbial clause of time (when / while / as soon as / by the time)"

Describes when an action takes place in relation to another action; tense choices signal whether events overlap, follow, or precede each other

"As soon as the results are published, she will check whether she has been accepted to the programme."

Придаточные и связки

"cleft sentence (it is/was … that …)"

A structure used to emphasise one particular element of a sentence by splitting it into two clauses

"It was the extra vocabulary practice that made the biggest difference to her IELTS reading score."