英文法練習問題：完全練習ガイド

動詞の時制

"present simple"

Used for habits, facts, and routines; formed with the base verb (+ -s/-es for third person singular)

"She studies English every morning and always finishes by nine o'clock."

動詞の時制

"present continuous"

Used for actions happening right now or temporary situations; formed with am/is/are + verb-ing

"He is preparing his presentation right now and cannot take any calls."

動詞の時制

"present perfect"

Links past actions to the present moment; formed with have/has + past participle

"I have already submitted the report, so you can review it at any time."

動詞の時制

"past simple"

Describes completed actions at a specific time in the past; uses the past form of the verb

"She called the office three times yesterday but nobody answered."

動詞の時制

"past continuous"

Describes an action in progress at a specific moment in the past; formed with was/were + verb-ing

"When the phone rang, he was writing an email to the client."

動詞の時制

"past perfect"

Describes an action completed before another past action; formed with had + past participle

"By the time she arrived at the airport, her flight had already departed."

動詞の時制

"future simple"

Expresses predictions, decisions, or offers about the future; formed with will + base verb

"I will help you with the translation if you send me the document tonight."

動詞の時制

"present perfect continuous"

Emphasises the duration of an ongoing activity that started in the past; formed with have/has been + verb-ing

"They have been negotiating the contract for three weeks and are close to an agreement."

条件文

"zero conditional"

Expresses universal truths and scientific facts; uses present simple in both clauses

"If you heat water to 100°C, it boils — this fact never changes regardless of circumstances."

条件文

"first conditional"

Expresses real, probable future situations; uses present simple + will/can/may in the result clause

"If she passes the exam, she will receive a full scholarship to the university."

条件文

"second conditional"

Expresses hypothetical or unlikely present/future situations; uses past simple + would in the result clause

"If I had more time, I would learn a third language alongside my English studies."

条件文

"third conditional"

Expresses imaginary situations in the past that cannot be changed; uses past perfect + would have + past participle

"If he had studied harder, he would have passed the IELTS exam on his first attempt."

条件文

"mixed conditional (past → present)"

A past-perfect if clause combined with a would result clause to describe how a past event affects the present

"If she had accepted the job offer in London, she would be living there now."

条件文

"mixed conditional (present → past)"

A past-simple if clause combined with a would-have result clause to describe how a present state affected the past

"If he were a faster reader, he would have finished the novel by last week."

条件文

"unless"

A conditional conjunction meaning "if not"; introduces a negative condition that triggers the result

"Unless you confirm by Friday, we will have to cancel your reservation without a refund."

条件文

"wish + past perfect"

Expresses regret about a situation in the past that cannot be undone; used in imaginative or hypothetical reflection

"She wishes she had taken more English classes before starting her international career."

助動詞

"can / could (ability)"

Can expresses present ability; could expresses past ability or a more polite, tentative request

"She can speak four languages fluently, but she could only manage two when she started her degree."

助動詞

"may / might (possibility)"

Both express possibility; might suggests a slightly lower degree of certainty than may

"It may rain during the outdoor ceremony, so it might be wise to arrange a backup venue."

助動詞

"must (obligation / deduction)"

Expresses strong obligation from the speaker, or a logical deduction based on evidence

"You must submit your application by midnight, and she must be exhausted — she has been working non-stop."

助動詞

"should / ought to (advice)"

Expresses advice, recommendation, or mild obligation; ought to carries the same meaning but is slightly more formal

"You should practise speaking English every day; you ought to join a conversation group to improve faster."

助動詞

"would (hypothetical / habit)"

Expresses hypothetical situations or repeated past habits; commonly used in conditional sentences

"I would travel more often if flights were cheaper, and as a child I would read for two hours every evening."

助動詞

"need not / do not need to"

Expresses the absence of obligation; needn't (modal) implies the speaker grants permission to skip, while don't need to is more factual

"You needn't arrive before nine; you don't need to bring printed copies because everything is digital."

助動詞

"had better"

Expresses urgent advice or a warning about negative consequences if the action is not taken

"You had better leave now or you will miss the last bus to the station."

助動詞

"be able to"

A semi-modal expressing ability; used as an alternative to can, especially in future, perfect, and infinitive contexts where can cannot appear

"She has been able to communicate confidently in English since completing the intensive course."

受動態

"present simple passive"

Formed with am/is/are + past participle; describes regular or habitual processes

"The reports are reviewed by the senior editor before they are published on the website."

受動態

"past simple passive"

Formed with was/were + past participle; describes completed events where the focus is on what happened rather than who did it

"The contract was signed last Tuesday and the documents were sent to all parties immediately."

受動態

"present perfect passive"

Formed with have/has been + past participle; links a past action to the present without specifying when exactly

"All applications have been received, and three candidates have been shortlisted for interview."

受動態

"future passive"

Formed with will be + past participle; describes future events where the agent is unknown or unimportant

"The results will be announced next week and winners will be notified by email."

受動態

"passive with modal verbs"

Formed with modal + be + past participle; commonly used in formal and academic writing

"Mistakes can be avoided if the instructions are followed carefully by all team members."

受動態

"passive with get"

An informal alternative to be + past participle; often implies that something happened unexpectedly or was unpleasant

"He got promoted last month, but unfortunately she got fired the same week due to budget cuts."

受動態

"causative have/get"

Formed with have/get + object + past participle; means arranging for someone else to do something for you

"She had her essay proofread by a native speaker before submitting it to the university."

受動態

"impersonal passive"

Uses phrases like it is said, it is believed, or it is reported to present information without attributing it to a source

"It is widely believed that regular reading is the most effective way to expand vocabulary."

間接話法

"backshift rule"

The principle that verb tenses move one step back in time when converting direct speech to reported speech

"He said, "I am working late." → He said that he was working late and would finish by midnight."

間接話法

"reporting verbs"

Verbs used to introduce reported speech, such as say, tell, explain, claim, admit, deny, suggest, and warn

"She admitted that she had made an error, and she explained how she intended to correct it."

間接話法

"reported questions (yes/no)"

Indirect questions about whether something is true; use if or whether and statement word order (no inversion)

"He asked if she had already submitted her thesis, and she confirmed that she had."

間接話法

"reported questions (wh-)"

Indirect wh- questions use the wh- word + statement word order; the auxiliary do/does/did is dropped

"The interviewer asked where she had studied and what qualifications she had obtained."

間接話法

"reported commands"

Reported instructions and orders use tell/ask/warn + object + (not) to + infinitive

"The manager told everyone to submit their timesheets by Friday and asked them not to be late."

間接話法

"say vs. tell"

Say is used without an indirect object (he said it); tell requires an indirect object (he told me); both introduce reported speech

"She said the meeting was postponed, but she didn't tell us when the new date would be."

間接話法

"time and place references"

Words like now, today, here, and this change in reported speech to then, that day, there, and that

"She said, "I will call you tomorrow." → She said she would call him the next day."

間接話法

"modal verbs in reported speech"

Will → would; can → could; may → might; must → had to; should and ought to do not change

"He said he could help on Thursday and that she should confirm by Wednesday at the latest."

節と接続詞

"defining relative clause"

Identifies which person or thing is meant; uses who, which, or that; no commas; cannot be removed without changing the meaning

"The student who scored highest on the test was offered a full scholarship to the programme."

節と接続詞

"non-defining relative clause"

Adds extra information about an already-identified noun; uses who, which, whose; set off with commas; can be removed

"Dr. Patel, who has taught here for twenty years, was awarded a lifetime achievement prize."

節と接続詞

"concession connector (although / even though / despite)"

Introduces a contrasting or unexpected idea; although and even though are followed by a clause; despite is followed by a noun or -ing form

"Although the course was demanding, she completed every assignment; despite the pressure, her grades improved."

節と接続詞

"purpose clause (so that / in order to)"

Explains the purpose or reason for an action; so that is followed by a clause; in order to is followed by an infinitive

"She revised every chapter so that she would be prepared; she also made detailed notes in order to review them later."

節と接続詞

"result connector (therefore / as a result / consequently)"

Shows that one event causes or leads to another; used to link cause and effect in formal writing

"The deadline was moved forward; as a result, the entire team had to work over the weekend to complete the project."

節と接続詞

"condition clause (provided that / as long as / on condition that)"

Introduces a condition that must be satisfied for the result to occur; more formal or precise than if

"You may borrow the reference books provided that you return them within forty-eight hours."

節と接続詞

"adverbial clause of time (when / while / as soon as / by the time)"

Describes when an action takes place in relation to another action; tense choices signal whether events overlap, follow, or precede each other

"As soon as the results are published, she will check whether she has been accepted to the programme."

節と接続詞

"cleft sentence (it is/was … that …)"

A structure used to emphasise one particular element of a sentence by splitting it into two clauses

"It was the extra vocabulary practice that made the biggest difference to her IELTS reading score."