Типы текстов на английском: 48 жанров с примерами

Академические и официальные

"essay"

a structured piece of writing that develops an argument or discussion around a central thesis

"Her essay on climate policy argued persuasively for a carbon tax."

Академические и официальные

"research report"

a formal document presenting the methodology, findings, and conclusions of an investigation

"The research report outlined three key variables that affect student performance."

Академические и официальные

"literature review"

a critical summary and synthesis of existing scholarship on a topic

"The literature review identified a significant gap in studies on bilingual cognition."

Академические и официальные

"abstract"

a concise summary of a longer academic document, usually 150–300 words

"The abstract clearly stated the purpose, methods, and main findings of the study."

Академические и официальные

"thesis / dissertation"

a long academic document presenting original research for a degree qualification

"Her dissertation examined the socioeconomic causes of urban migration in the 1980s."

Академические и официальные

"case study"

an in-depth analysis of a specific individual, group, event, or organisation

"The business case study traced how a small startup scaled to a global brand."

Академические и официальные

"annotated bibliography"

a list of sources each followed by a brief critical evaluation

"The annotated bibliography helped readers assess which sources were most reliable."

Академические и официальные

"critical analysis"

a detailed evaluation of a text, idea, or artefact using evidence and reasoned argument

"The critical analysis of the novel focused on its unreliable narrator and narrative gaps."

Убедительные и аргументационные

"argumentative essay"

a text that takes a clear position on an issue and supports it with evidence and reasoning

"The argumentative essay made a compelling case for lowering the voting age to sixteen."

Убедительные и аргументационные

"opinion piece / op-ed"

a short persuasive article expressing the author's personal view on a current issue

"Her op-ed argued that remote work has permanently changed office culture."

Убедительные и аргументационные

"speech / address"

a formal spoken text prepared for delivery to an audience, often with persuasive intent

"The graduation address urged students to embrace failure as a learning tool."

Убедительные и аргументационные

"letter of complaint"

a formal letter outlining a problem and requesting a specific remedy

"The letter of complaint described the defective product and demanded a full refund."

Убедительные и аргументационные

"advertisement"

a text designed to promote a product, service, or idea by appealing to desires or needs

"The advertisement used emotional storytelling to promote the charity campaign."

Убедительные и аргументационные

"proposal"

a document that suggests a course of action and argues for its adoption

"The business proposal requested funding for a new community recycling programme."

Убедительные и аргументационные

"petition"

a formal written request signed by many people and addressed to an authority

"The petition called on the city council to protect the local green space from development."

Убедительные и аргументационные

"review"

a critical assessment of a product, film, book, or performance, often with a recommendation

"The five-star review praised the novel's vivid characters and unexpected ending."

Информационные и объяснительные

"news article"

a journalistic report of recent events following the who-what-where-when-why structure

"The news article covered the election results with quotes from all three candidates."

Информационные и объяснительные

"encyclopaedia entry"

a neutral, factual summary of a topic written for general reference

"The encyclopaedia entry on photosynthesis explained the light and dark reactions in detail."

Информационные и объяснительные

"how-to guide"

a step-by-step instructional text that teaches the reader to complete a task

"The how-to guide walked readers through setting up a home Wi-Fi network in ten minutes."

Информационные и объяснительные

"explainer article"

a journalistic or educational piece that breaks down a complex subject for a general audience

"The explainer article demystified blockchain technology without using technical jargon."

Информационные и объяснительные

"textbook passage"

an authoritative excerpt designed to teach a curriculum subject, often with diagrams and exercises

"The textbook passage on the French Revolution outlined its causes, events, and aftermath."

Информационные и объяснительные

"report"

a structured document presenting findings on a specific topic, often with recommendations

"The annual sustainability report showed a 30% reduction in the company's carbon footprint."

Информационные и объяснительные

"fact sheet"

a concise one-page document presenting key facts and statistics on a topic

"The fact sheet on measles vaccination summarised global coverage rates and risk factors."

Информационные и объяснительные

"biography / profile"

a factual account of a person's life, achievements, and significance

"The profile of the scientist highlighted her groundbreaking work on CRISPR gene editing."

Нарративные и творческие

"short story"

a brief work of fiction with a focused plot, usually centred on a single character or event

"The short story ended with a twist that reframed every earlier scene."

Нарративные и творческие

"personal narrative"

a first-person account of a real experience, often reflecting on its significance

"Her personal narrative about moving abroad explored themes of identity and belonging."

Нарративные и творческие

"novel excerpt"

a passage from a longer work of fiction, containing character, setting, and plot

"The novel excerpt introduced the protagonist through a tense confrontation in a train compartment."

Нарративные и творческие

"flash fiction"

an extremely short story, typically under 1,000 words, that delivers a complete narrative arc

"The flash fiction piece told an entire love story in exactly six sentences."

Нарративные и творческие

"myth / fable"

a traditional story used to explain natural phenomena or teach a moral lesson

"The fable of the tortoise and the hare teaches the value of persistence over natural talent."

Нарративные и творческие

"descriptive writing"

prose that creates a vivid sensory picture of a person, place, or moment

"The descriptive writing captured the harbour at dawn with such detail it felt like a photograph."

Нарративные и творческие

"anecdote"

a short, entertaining or illustrative account of a real incident

"She opened her speech with an anecdote about her first day as a teacher."

Нарративные и творческие

"diary / journal entry"

a first-person dated record of personal thoughts, feelings, and events

"The fictional diary entry revealed the character's growing suspicion about her neighbour."

Деловые и транзакционные

"business email"

a formal or semi-formal electronic message used for professional communication

"The business email requested a meeting to discuss the revised contract terms."

Деловые и транзакционные

"cover letter"

a formal letter accompanying a job application that highlights relevant skills and motivation

"Her cover letter linked each required skill to a concrete achievement from her previous role."

Деловые и транзакционные

"CV / résumé"

a structured document summarising a person's education, work experience, and skills for employment

"His CV was one page, focused, and tailored to the data analyst position."

Деловые и транзакционные

"meeting minutes"

an official written record of what was discussed and decided in a meeting

"The meeting minutes listed all action items and the person responsible for each."

Деловые и транзакционные

"memo"

a short internal communication used to inform staff of policy changes or important updates

"The memo announced the new flexible working policy effective from the following Monday."

Деловые и транзакционные

"business report"

a formal document analysing a business situation and recommending a course of action

"The business report recommended outsourcing logistics to reduce operational costs by 18%."

Деловые и транзакционные

"contract / agreement"

a legally binding document that sets out the terms agreed between two or more parties

"Before signing the contract, she asked her solicitor to review the termination clauses."

Деловые и транзакционные

"invoice"

a billing document issued by a seller listing goods or services provided and the amount owed

"The invoice itemised each stage of the web development project with its corresponding cost."

Цифровые и медийные

"blog post"

an informal to semi-formal online article, often written in first person with a conversational tone

"The blog post shared five productivity hacks the author had tested over three months."

Цифровые и медийные

"social media caption"

a short text accompanying an image or video on social platforms, designed to engage followers

"The social media caption paired a sunset photo with a quote about new beginnings."

Цифровые и медийные

"podcast script / transcript"

the written text of a spoken audio programme, either prepared in advance or transcribed after recording

"The podcast transcript helped non-native listeners follow the fast-paced debate."

Цифровые и медийные

"video script"

a structured written plan for spoken content in a video, including narration and on-screen text cues

"The video script opened with a hook question to grab viewers' attention within the first five seconds."

Цифровые и медийные

"product description"

a short persuasive text that highlights the features and benefits of an item for sale online

"The product description emphasised the laptop's all-day battery life and ultra-thin design."

Цифровые и медийные

"FAQ page"

a web page presenting common questions and their answers to inform and reduce support queries

"The FAQ page addressed shipping times, return policies, and size guidance in one clear list."

Цифровые и медийные

"online comment / forum post"

an informal public text posted in response to content or a discussion thread

"Her forum post corrected a misconception about verb tenses and attracted 40 upvotes."

Цифровые и медийные

"newsletter"

a regular email or print publication sent to subscribers with updates, insights, or curated content

"The weekly newsletter summarised the most important English learning research of the past seven days."