英語のテキストタイプ：48の必須ジャンル解説
英語のすべてのテキストは、固有の目的・構造・文体を持つジャンルに属します。テキストタイプを知ることで、読解力が上がり、文章を書く自信がつきます。カテゴリで絞り込むか、以下で検索してください。
48 items · 6 topics
"essay"
a structured piece of writing that develops an argument or discussion around a central thesis
"Her essay on climate policy argued persuasively for a carbon tax."
"research report"
a formal document presenting the methodology, findings, and conclusions of an investigation
"The research report outlined three key variables that affect student performance."
"literature review"
a critical summary and synthesis of existing scholarship on a topic
"The literature review identified a significant gap in studies on bilingual cognition."
"abstract"
a concise summary of a longer academic document, usually 150–300 words
"The abstract clearly stated the purpose, methods, and main findings of the study."
"thesis / dissertation"
a long academic document presenting original research for a degree qualification
"Her dissertation examined the socioeconomic causes of urban migration in the 1980s."
"case study"
an in-depth analysis of a specific individual, group, event, or organisation
"The business case study traced how a small startup scaled to a global brand."
"annotated bibliography"
a list of sources each followed by a brief critical evaluation
"The annotated bibliography helped readers assess which sources were most reliable."
"critical analysis"
a detailed evaluation of a text, idea, or artefact using evidence and reasoned argument
"The critical analysis of the novel focused on its unreliable narrator and narrative gaps."
"argumentative essay"
a text that takes a clear position on an issue and supports it with evidence and reasoning
"The argumentative essay made a compelling case for lowering the voting age to sixteen."
"opinion piece / op-ed"
a short persuasive article expressing the author's personal view on a current issue
"Her op-ed argued that remote work has permanently changed office culture."
"speech / address"
a formal spoken text prepared for delivery to an audience, often with persuasive intent
"The graduation address urged students to embrace failure as a learning tool."
"letter of complaint"
a formal letter outlining a problem and requesting a specific remedy
"The letter of complaint described the defective product and demanded a full refund."
"advertisement"
a text designed to promote a product, service, or idea by appealing to desires or needs
"The advertisement used emotional storytelling to promote the charity campaign."
"proposal"
a document that suggests a course of action and argues for its adoption
"The business proposal requested funding for a new community recycling programme."
"petition"
a formal written request signed by many people and addressed to an authority
"The petition called on the city council to protect the local green space from development."
"review"
a critical assessment of a product, film, book, or performance, often with a recommendation
"The five-star review praised the novel's vivid characters and unexpected ending."
"news article"
a journalistic report of recent events following the who-what-where-when-why structure
"The news article covered the election results with quotes from all three candidates."
"encyclopaedia entry"
a neutral, factual summary of a topic written for general reference
"The encyclopaedia entry on photosynthesis explained the light and dark reactions in detail."
"how-to guide"
a step-by-step instructional text that teaches the reader to complete a task
"The how-to guide walked readers through setting up a home Wi-Fi network in ten minutes."
"explainer article"
a journalistic or educational piece that breaks down a complex subject for a general audience
"The explainer article demystified blockchain technology without using technical jargon."
"textbook passage"
an authoritative excerpt designed to teach a curriculum subject, often with diagrams and exercises
"The textbook passage on the French Revolution outlined its causes, events, and aftermath."
"report"
a structured document presenting findings on a specific topic, often with recommendations
"The annual sustainability report showed a 30% reduction in the company's carbon footprint."
"fact sheet"
a concise one-page document presenting key facts and statistics on a topic
"The fact sheet on measles vaccination summarised global coverage rates and risk factors."
"biography / profile"
a factual account of a person's life, achievements, and significance
"The profile of the scientist highlighted her groundbreaking work on CRISPR gene editing."
"short story"
a brief work of fiction with a focused plot, usually centred on a single character or event
"The short story ended with a twist that reframed every earlier scene."
"personal narrative"
a first-person account of a real experience, often reflecting on its significance
"Her personal narrative about moving abroad explored themes of identity and belonging."
"novel excerpt"
a passage from a longer work of fiction, containing character, setting, and plot
"The novel excerpt introduced the protagonist through a tense confrontation in a train compartment."
"flash fiction"
an extremely short story, typically under 1,000 words, that delivers a complete narrative arc
"The flash fiction piece told an entire love story in exactly six sentences."
"myth / fable"
a traditional story used to explain natural phenomena or teach a moral lesson
"The fable of the tortoise and the hare teaches the value of persistence over natural talent."
"descriptive writing"
prose that creates a vivid sensory picture of a person, place, or moment
"The descriptive writing captured the harbour at dawn with such detail it felt like a photograph."
"anecdote"
a short, entertaining or illustrative account of a real incident
"She opened her speech with an anecdote about her first day as a teacher."
"diary / journal entry"
a first-person dated record of personal thoughts, feelings, and events
"The fictional diary entry revealed the character's growing suspicion about her neighbour."
"business email"
a formal or semi-formal electronic message used for professional communication
"The business email requested a meeting to discuss the revised contract terms."
"cover letter"
a formal letter accompanying a job application that highlights relevant skills and motivation
"Her cover letter linked each required skill to a concrete achievement from her previous role."
"CV / résumé"
a structured document summarising a person's education, work experience, and skills for employment
"His CV was one page, focused, and tailored to the data analyst position."
"meeting minutes"
an official written record of what was discussed and decided in a meeting
"The meeting minutes listed all action items and the person responsible for each."
"memo"
a short internal communication used to inform staff of policy changes or important updates
"The memo announced the new flexible working policy effective from the following Monday."
"business report"
a formal document analysing a business situation and recommending a course of action
"The business report recommended outsourcing logistics to reduce operational costs by 18%."
"contract / agreement"
a legally binding document that sets out the terms agreed between two or more parties
"Before signing the contract, she asked her solicitor to review the termination clauses."
"invoice"
a billing document issued by a seller listing goods or services provided and the amount owed
"The invoice itemised each stage of the web development project with its corresponding cost."
"blog post"
an informal to semi-formal online article, often written in first person with a conversational tone
"The blog post shared five productivity hacks the author had tested over three months."
"social media caption"
a short text accompanying an image or video on social platforms, designed to engage followers
"The social media caption paired a sunset photo with a quote about new beginnings."
"podcast script / transcript"
the written text of a spoken audio programme, either prepared in advance or transcribed after recording
"The podcast transcript helped non-native listeners follow the fast-paced debate."
"video script"
a structured written plan for spoken content in a video, including narration and on-screen text cues
"The video script opened with a hook question to grab viewers' attention within the first five seconds."
"product description"
a short persuasive text that highlights the features and benefits of an item for sale online
"The product description emphasised the laptop's all-day battery life and ultra-thin design."
"FAQ page"
a web page presenting common questions and their answers to inform and reduce support queries
"The FAQ page addressed shipping times, return policies, and size guidance in one clear list."
"online comment / forum post"
an informal public text posted in response to content or a discussion thread
"Her forum post corrected a misconception about verb tenses and attracted 40 upvotes."
"newsletter"
a regular email or print publication sent to subscribers with updates, insights, or curated content
"The weekly newsletter summarised the most important English learning research of the past seven days."
よくある質問
英語の主なテキストタイプは何ですか？
英語のテキストは目的によって大きく4種類に分けられます：情報提供（ニュース記事、レポート、解説）、説得（エッセイ、スピーチ、広告）、物語（小説、回顧録、寓話）、指示（ハウツーガイド、マニュアル）。多くのテキストは複数の目的を組み合わせています。ブログ、SNSキャプション、ニュースレターなどのデジタルジャンルは成長中の第5カテゴリを形成しています。
なぜテキストタイプの学習が英語学習者に重要なのですか？
テキストタイプを認識することで、1語も読む前に構造・語彙・トーンを予測できます。これにより読解速度が劇的に上がり、より正確に書けるようになります。Cambridge、IELTS、TOEFLなどの試験は、特定のテキストタイプを作成・解釈する能力をテストします。
英語の公式テキストと非公式テキストはどう違いますか？
公式テキスト（レポート、学術エッセイ、契約書）は非人称構文、専門語彙、長い文、受動態を使います。非公式テキスト（ブログ、SNS投稿、テキストメッセージ）は短縮形、一人称、短い文、口語表現を好みます。状況に合ったスタイルを選ぶレジスター意識は最も評価される文章技術のひとつです。
IELTSとCambridgeの試験にはどんなテキストタイプが出ますか？
IELTS Academic Writing Task 1はレポートや説明文、Task 2は議論型または討論型エッセイです。Cambridge B2/C1試験にはメール、レポート、レビュー、記事、公式レターが含まれます。各タイプの慣習を知ることがスコア向上に直結します。
さまざまな英語テキストタイプの読解をどう練習すればよいですか？
最も効果的な方法は本物の英語に幅広く触れることです。ニュース記事や意見コラムには高品質な新聞を、百科事典の項目にはWikipediaを、定期的に情報を得るにはニュースレターを活用してください。ポッドキャストは話し言葉のテキスト構造にも触れさせてくれます。現在のレベルより少し上の「理解可能なインプット」がジャンル感覚を最も速く養います。
ジャンルの慣習を身につける最速の方法は、本物の英語の中でそれらに出会うことです。
本物の英語テキストで練習する →