Формы глаголов в английском: инфинитив, герундий, причастие
Форма глагола в английском определяет смысл, грамматику и стиль. Инфинитив или герундий после глагола могут кардинально изменить значение. Этот гид охватывает шесть ключевых категорий с примерами и карточками для поиска.
48 items · 6 topics
"want to do"
infinitive after verbs of desire
"She wants to learn Spanish before travelling."
"decide to leave"
infinitive after decision verbs
"He decided to leave the company last month."
"too tired to run"
infinitive expressing result after too + adjective
"I was too tired to run another kilometre."
"in order to save"
infinitive expressing purpose
"She studies hard in order to save time later."
"seem to understand"
infinitive after linking verbs
"They seem to understand the instructions perfectly."
"make someone cry"
bare infinitive after causative make
"That film always makes me cry."
"let him go"
bare infinitive after let
"The teacher let the students go five minutes early."
"old enough to vote"
infinitive after adjective + enough
"At eighteen you are old enough to vote."
"enjoy swimming"
gerund after verbs of enjoyment
"She enjoys swimming in the sea every morning."
"avoid making mistakes"
gerund after avoidance verbs
"Proofread carefully to avoid making mistakes."
"keep practising"
gerund after keep meaning continue
"Keep practising and your accent will improve."
"mind closing the door"
gerund after mind in polite requests
"Would you mind closing the door, please?"
"finish writing"
gerund after finish
"I need to finish writing the report by Friday."
"can't help laughing"
gerund after can't help
"I can't help laughing every time I watch that clip."
"worth reading"
gerund after worth
"This book is definitely worth reading twice."
"good at explaining"
gerund after preposition
"She is very good at explaining complex ideas."
"the running water"
present participle as pre-noun modifier
"Listen to the sound of the running water."
"broken window"
past participle as pre-noun modifier
"The landlord repaired the broken window."
"walking down the street"
present participle clause replacing adverb clause
"Walking down the street, she saw an old friend."
"having finished the test"
perfect participle for completed prior action
"Having finished the test, he handed it to the teacher."
"exhausted by the heat"
past participle clause showing cause
"Exhausted by the heat, they stopped for water."
"the results obtained"
past participle in post-noun modification
"The results obtained were better than expected."
"sitting there quietly"
present participle describing simultaneous action
"She sat at the desk, working quietly."
"given more time"
past participle in conditional sense
"Given more time, they could have done better."
"have already eaten"
present perfect for completed action with present relevance
"I've already eaten, thanks."
"had left before she arrived"
past perfect for earlier past action
"By the time she arrived, everyone had left."
"will have finished by noon"
future perfect for action completed before a future point
"She will have finished the report by noon."
"have been waiting for hours"
present perfect continuous for ongoing action
"We have been waiting here for two hours."
"had been studying all night"
past perfect continuous for ongoing action before past event
"He had been studying all night when the alarm rang."
"should have called"
perfect modal for past obligation not fulfilled
"You should have called before coming over."
"must have forgotten"
perfect modal for deduction about the past
"She must have forgotten about the meeting."
"could have been worse"
perfect modal for unrealised past possibility
"It was a bad fall, but it could have been worse."
"is working right now"
present continuous for action in progress
"She is working on the project right now."
"was sleeping when you called"
past continuous for interrupted action
"He was sleeping when you called."
"will be travelling next week"
future continuous for action in progress at a future time
"I will be travelling next week, so call me after."
"always losing his keys"
present continuous with always for annoying habit
"He is always losing his keys."
"are meeting tomorrow"
present continuous for fixed future arrangement
"We are meeting the client tomorrow at ten."
"was constantly interrupting"
past continuous with constantly for repeated past habit
"She was constantly interrupting during the lecture."
"has been raining all day"
present perfect continuous for recent prolonged action
"It has been raining all day — the streets are flooded."
"will be waiting at the gate"
future continuous for parallel future action
"I will be waiting at the gate when you land."
"have your hair cut"
have + object + past participle for arranged service
"She had her hair cut at the salon yesterday."
"get the car repaired"
get + object + past participle (informal causative)
"You should get the car repaired before the trip."
"make the students repeat"
make + object + bare infinitive for forced action
"The teacher made the students repeat the exercise."
"let the children play"
let + object + bare infinitive for permission
"They let the children play in the garden."
"have someone deliver it"
have + object + bare infinitive for arranged action
"Can you have someone deliver the package today?"
"get him to sign"
get + object + to-infinitive for persuaded action
"She managed to get him to sign the contract."
"had the report checked"
have something done passive causative
"He had the report checked by a colleague."
"got the project approved"
get something done for bureaucratic success
"She finally got the project approved by the board."
Частые вопросы
В чём разница между герундием и причастием настоящего времени?
Оба заканчиваются на -ing, но выполняют разные функции. Герундий — это существительное ("Swimming is good exercise"), а причастие настоящего времени — прилагательное или часть длительного глагола ("She is swimming"). Проверка: можно ли заменить его существительным? Если да — это герундий.
Когда употреблять инфинитив вместо герундия?
Выбор определяется главным глаголом. После want, decide, promise, hope — инфинитив. После enjoy, avoid, finish, keep — герундий. Некоторые глаголы (remember, stop, try) допускают оба варианта с разными значениями: "I stopped to smoke" (остановился, чтобы покурить) vs "I stopped smoking" (бросил курить).
Что такое перфектное причастие и когда его использовать?
Перфектное причастие образуется как having + past participle ("having finished"). Оно показывает, что одно действие завершилось до другого. Пример: "Having checked all the data, she submitted the report." Часто встречается в официальном стиле и заменяет придаточные предложения времени.
Что такое каузативная конструкция в английском?
Каузатив описывает, что действие выполняет кто-то другой по вашему поручению. Основные модели: have/get + объект + past participle для услуг ("I had my car serviced") и have/get + объект + инфинитив для прямого поручения ("She got him to sign it"). Каузатив важен для делового и официального английского.
Как выбирать между перфектными и длительными формами?
Перфект (have + past participle) делает акцент на результате или связи с настоящим. Длительная форма (be + -ing) — на процессе. Перфектно-длительная форма (have been + -ing) сочетает оба значения: длительное действие с актуальным результатом, например: "I've been studying — that's why I'm tired."
Формы глаголов запоминаются быстрее всего в живой речи — не только в учебниках.
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