英語動詞形式：不定詞・動名詞・分詞・完了形の使い方
英語の動詞形式は意味・文法・スタイルを決定します。動詞の後に不定詞を使うか動名詞を使うかで意味が大きく変わります。このガイドでは6つの主要カテゴリを実例カードで解説します。検索や絞り込みで確認してください。
48 items · 6 topics
"want to do"
infinitive after verbs of desire
"She wants to learn Spanish before travelling."
"decide to leave"
infinitive after decision verbs
"He decided to leave the company last month."
"too tired to run"
infinitive expressing result after too + adjective
"I was too tired to run another kilometre."
"in order to save"
infinitive expressing purpose
"She studies hard in order to save time later."
"seem to understand"
infinitive after linking verbs
"They seem to understand the instructions perfectly."
"make someone cry"
bare infinitive after causative make
"That film always makes me cry."
"let him go"
bare infinitive after let
"The teacher let the students go five minutes early."
"old enough to vote"
infinitive after adjective + enough
"At eighteen you are old enough to vote."
"enjoy swimming"
gerund after verbs of enjoyment
"She enjoys swimming in the sea every morning."
"avoid making mistakes"
gerund after avoidance verbs
"Proofread carefully to avoid making mistakes."
"keep practising"
gerund after keep meaning continue
"Keep practising and your accent will improve."
"mind closing the door"
gerund after mind in polite requests
"Would you mind closing the door, please?"
"finish writing"
gerund after finish
"I need to finish writing the report by Friday."
"can't help laughing"
gerund after can't help
"I can't help laughing every time I watch that clip."
"worth reading"
gerund after worth
"This book is definitely worth reading twice."
"good at explaining"
gerund after preposition
"She is very good at explaining complex ideas."
"the running water"
present participle as pre-noun modifier
"Listen to the sound of the running water."
"broken window"
past participle as pre-noun modifier
"The landlord repaired the broken window."
"walking down the street"
present participle clause replacing adverb clause
"Walking down the street, she saw an old friend."
"having finished the test"
perfect participle for completed prior action
"Having finished the test, he handed it to the teacher."
"exhausted by the heat"
past participle clause showing cause
"Exhausted by the heat, they stopped for water."
"the results obtained"
past participle in post-noun modification
"The results obtained were better than expected."
"sitting there quietly"
present participle describing simultaneous action
"She sat at the desk, working quietly."
"given more time"
past participle in conditional sense
"Given more time, they could have done better."
"have already eaten"
present perfect for completed action with present relevance
"I've already eaten, thanks."
"had left before she arrived"
past perfect for earlier past action
"By the time she arrived, everyone had left."
"will have finished by noon"
future perfect for action completed before a future point
"She will have finished the report by noon."
"have been waiting for hours"
present perfect continuous for ongoing action
"We have been waiting here for two hours."
"had been studying all night"
past perfect continuous for ongoing action before past event
"He had been studying all night when the alarm rang."
"should have called"
perfect modal for past obligation not fulfilled
"You should have called before coming over."
"must have forgotten"
perfect modal for deduction about the past
"She must have forgotten about the meeting."
"could have been worse"
perfect modal for unrealised past possibility
"It was a bad fall, but it could have been worse."
"is working right now"
present continuous for action in progress
"She is working on the project right now."
"was sleeping when you called"
past continuous for interrupted action
"He was sleeping when you called."
"will be travelling next week"
future continuous for action in progress at a future time
"I will be travelling next week, so call me after."
"always losing his keys"
present continuous with always for annoying habit
"He is always losing his keys."
"are meeting tomorrow"
present continuous for fixed future arrangement
"We are meeting the client tomorrow at ten."
"was constantly interrupting"
past continuous with constantly for repeated past habit
"She was constantly interrupting during the lecture."
"has been raining all day"
present perfect continuous for recent prolonged action
"It has been raining all day — the streets are flooded."
"will be waiting at the gate"
future continuous for parallel future action
"I will be waiting at the gate when you land."
"have your hair cut"
have + object + past participle for arranged service
"She had her hair cut at the salon yesterday."
"get the car repaired"
get + object + past participle (informal causative)
"You should get the car repaired before the trip."
"make the students repeat"
make + object + bare infinitive for forced action
"The teacher made the students repeat the exercise."
"let the children play"
let + object + bare infinitive for permission
"They let the children play in the garden."
"have someone deliver it"
have + object + bare infinitive for arranged action
"Can you have someone deliver the package today?"
"get him to sign"
get + object + to-infinitive for persuaded action
"She managed to get him to sign the contract."
"had the report checked"
have something done passive causative
"He had the report checked by a colleague."
"got the project approved"
get something done for bureaucratic success
"She finally got the project approved by the board."
よくある質問
動名詞と現在分詞の違いは何ですか？
両方とも -ing で終わりますが、機能が異なります。動名詞は名詞として働きます（"Swimming is good exercise"）。現在分詞は形容詞として、または進行形の一部として働きます（"She is swimming"）。名詞に置き換えられるかどうかが判断の鍵です。置き換えられれば動名詞です。
不定詞と動名詞はどう使い分けますか？
主動詞によって決まります。want、decide、promise、hopeの後には不定詞を使います。enjoy、avoid、finish、keepの後には動名詞を使います。remember、stop、tryなど両方取れる動詞は意味が変わります："I stopped to smoke"（タバコを吸うために立ち止まった）vs "I stopped smoking"（タバコをやめた）。
完了分詞とは何ですか？
完了分詞はhaving + 過去分詞で作ります（例："having finished"）。同じ文中で一つの動作が別の動作より先に完了したことを表します。例："Having checked all the data, she submitted the report." フォーマルな文章でよく使われ、副詞節を簡潔に置き換えます。
英語の使役構文とは何ですか？
使役構文は他の人に何かをさせることを表します。主なパターンはhave/get + 目的語 + 過去分詞（サービスの場合："I had my car serviced"）と、have/get + 目的語 + 不定詞（直接的な指示："She got him to sign it"）です。ビジネス英語やフォーマルな英語に必須の構文です。
完了形と進行形はどう選びますか？
完了形（have + 過去分詞）は結果または現在との関連に焦点を当てます。進行形（be + -ing）はプロセスそのものに焦点を当てます。完了進行形（have been + -ing）は両方を組み合わせて、現在の結果を伴う継続的な動作を示します。例："I've been studying — that's why I'm tired."
動詞形式は自然な会話の中で聞くことで最も速く定着します。
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