Словообразование в английском: приставки, суффиксы и не только
Слова строятся по правилам, а не придумываются случайно. В английском шесть основных способов словообразования — и как только вы их освоите, ваш словарный запас вырастет вдвое. Просмотрите категории, воспользуйтесь поиском и изучайте каждый процесс на реальных примерах.
48 items · 6 topics
"un- (unhappy)"
Adds the meaning "not" or reversal to a word
"She was unhappy with the result, so she undid all her work."
"re- (rewrite)"
Means "again" or "back" — repeating an action
"He had to rewrite the report after getting feedback."
"mis- (misunderstand)"
Means "wrongly" or "badly"
"I misunderstood the question and gave the wrong answer."
"pre- (preview)"
Means "before" in time or position
"We watched a preview of the film before its release."
"dis- (disagree)"
Negates or reverses the meaning of a word
"I completely disagree with that decision."
"over- (overestimate)"
Means "too much" or "above"
"She overestimated how long the journey would take."
"under- (underpay)"
Means "too little" or "below"
"Many workers are underpaid for the work they do."
"inter- (international)"
Means "between" or "among" groups
"International trade connects economies across the world."
"-tion / -sion (information)"
Forms nouns from verbs — the act or result of an action
"The information was clear and easy to understand."
"-ness (happiness)"
Forms nouns from adjectives — a state or quality
"Her happiness was visible to everyone in the room."
"-ful (beautiful)"
Forms adjectives meaning "full of" a quality
"The view from the mountain was truly beautiful."
"-less (careless)"
Forms adjectives meaning "without" something
"A careless mistake cost the team the match."
"-er / -or (teacher)"
Forms nouns meaning "a person who does something"
"The teacher explained the lesson very clearly."
"-able / -ible (readable)"
Forms adjectives meaning "capable of being done"
"The instructions were readable and well organised."
"-ly (quickly)"
Forms adverbs from adjectives — describes how something is done
"She spoke quickly so we had to listen carefully."
"-ment (enjoyment)"
Forms nouns from verbs — a process or result
"The enjoyment of reading grows with practice."
"sunflower (sun + flower)"
Two nouns combined to create a new noun
"She planted a row of sunflowers along the garden fence."
"notebook (note + book)"
Compound noun formed by joining two base words
"He wrote down every new word in his notebook."
"well-known (well + known)"
Compound adjective with a hyphen — modifies a noun
"She is a well-known author in academic circles."
"lookout (look + out)"
Compound noun formed from a verb and a particle
"The sailor kept a lookout for rocks near the coast."
"breakfast (break + fast)"
Historical compound where the original meaning is less obvious
"She never skips breakfast before an early shift."
"heartbeat (heart + beat)"
Compound noun where both parts contribute to the meaning
"The doctor listened carefully to the patient's heartbeat."
"eco-friendly (eco + friendly)"
Compound adjective combining a prefix-like element with an adjective
"They switched to eco-friendly packaging last year."
"software (soft + ware)"
Modern compound noun where meaning has become specialised
"Good software makes complex tasks much simpler."
"to email (noun → verb)"
A noun used directly as a verb without any change in form
"Please email me the report by Friday afternoon."
"a must (verb → noun)"
A verb used as a noun to describe an obligation or necessity
"A good dictionary is a must for language learners."
"to google (proper noun → verb)"
A brand name converted into an everyday verb
"If you're unsure, just google it."
"to text (noun → verb)"
The noun "text" repurposed as an action verb
"I'll text you when I arrive at the station."
"a download (verb → noun)"
The verb "download" used as a countable noun
"The download took only a few seconds on fast Wi-Fi."
"to water (noun → verb)"
The noun "water" functioning as a verb
"She waters her plants every morning before work."
"a try (verb → noun)"
The verb "try" used as a noun in informal speech
"It's worth giving it a try before you decide."
"to bottle (noun → verb)"
The noun "bottle" used as a verb meaning to put in bottles or suppress feelings
"He tended to bottle up his emotions rather than talk."
"app (application)"
Clipping — a word shortened by removing one or more syllables
"Download the app to track your daily vocabulary goals."
"NASA (acronym)"
Acronym — an abbreviation pronounced as a word
"NASA launched a new mission to study the Martian surface."
"BBC (initialism)"
Initialism — letters pronounced individually, not as a word
"The BBC broadcast the match live to millions of viewers."
"exam (examination)"
Clipping from the front — the start of the word is removed
"The final exam covers all units from the semester."
"flu (influenza)"
Back-clipping — the end of the word is dropped
"He stayed home for three days with a bad case of flu."
"ASAP (as soon as possible)"
Acronym used widely in written and spoken communication
"Please send the revised document ASAP."
"fridge (refrigerator)"
Clipping with a spelling change — very common in British English
"Put the leftovers in the fridge for tomorrow."
"sci-fi (science fiction)"
Blend abbreviation combining the start of two words
"She loves reading sci-fi novels set in distant galaxies."
"happy → happiness"
Adjective converted to noun via the suffix -ness
"True happiness comes from meaningful connections with others."
"teach → teacher"
Verb converted to noun via the agentive suffix -er
"A great teacher can inspire students for years to come."
"nation → national → nationalise"
Chain derivation — each step adds a new suffix to change word class
"The government decided to nationalise the rail network."
"child → childish"
Noun converted to adjective via the suffix -ish
"Stop being childish and discuss the problem calmly."
"clear → clearly → clarity"
Multiple derivations from the same root word
"Speak with clarity so your audience can follow easily."
"act → action → reactive"
Prefix and suffix together transform the original word
"A reactive approach often leads to poor long-term decisions."
"beauty → beautify"
Noun converted to verb via the suffix -ify
"They planted trees to beautify the town centre."
"real → realise → realisation"
Three-step derivation chain across three word classes
"The realisation that she had forgotten her keys came too late."
Частые вопросы
Что такое словообразование в английском?
Словообразование — это процессы, с помощью которых из уже существующих слов создаются новые. Шесть основных способов: префиксация, суффиксация, сложение, конверсия, аббревиация и деривация. Понимание этих закономерностей позволяет угадывать значение незнакомых слов и систематически пополнять словарный запас.
Чем приставка отличается от суффикса?
Приставка (префикс) добавляется в начало слова и меняет его значение — например, "un-" в "unhappy". Суффикс добавляется в конец слова и нередко меняет и значение, и часть речи — например, "-ness" превращает прилагательное "happy" в существительное "happiness". Оба относятся к аффиксам.
Что такое конверсия в словообразовании?
Конверсия (нулевая деривация) — это когда слово меняет грамматическую категорию без каких-либо изменений в написании или произношении. Например, слово "email" сначала было существительным, а теперь используется и как глагол ("I'll email you"). Конверсия особенно продуктивна в современном английском, особенно в технологической лексике.
Чем словосложение отличается от деривации?
Словосложение — это объединение двух или более самостоятельных слов в новое: "sunflower", "notebook". Деривация — добавление аффиксов (приставок или суффиксов) к основе: "-ness" + "happy" = "happiness". Словосложение соединяет корни, а деривация добавляет грамматические элементы.
Зачем изучать словообразование при изучении лексики?
Знание словообразовательных моделей — один из наиболее эффективных способов расширения словарного запаса. Если вы знаете, что "-tion" образует существительные от глаголов, вы мгновенно «расшифруете» сотни новых слов. Исследования по методике преподавания иностранных языков неизменно показывают, что морфологическая осведомлённость — понимание структуры слов — значительно ускоряет и понимание текстов, и рост активного словаря.
Увидьте словообразование в действии — слушайте носителей языка и замечайте, как приставки, суффиксы и сложные слова встречаются в живой речи.
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