The Affective Filter Hypothesis
The affective filter hypothesis is Krashen's claim that emotions such as anxiety, low motivation, and low self-confidence act as a mental "filter" that can block comprehensible input from being acquired, even when the input itself is understood.
Krashen argued that comprehensible input is necessary but not sufficient: the learner also has to be open to it. When anxiety is high, motivation is low, or self-confidence is poor, the "affective filter" rises and less input reaches the part of the mind that acquires language.
The practical lesson is to lower the filter — create low-stress, enjoyable, judgment-free conditions. Interesting content, no forced speaking, no public correction, and a relaxed pace all reduce anxiety, letting more of the comprehensible input actually be absorbed.
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FAQ
What is the affective filter?
A metaphor for emotions — anxiety, low motivation, low confidence — that can block comprehensible input from being acquired even when it is understood.
How do you lower the affective filter?
Use interesting, low-stress, judgment-free conditions: no forced speaking, no public correction, a relaxed pace, and content you enjoy.
Why does the affective filter matter?
Because comprehensible input is necessary but not sufficient — a high filter means less of that input actually turns into acquisition.