Продвинутая грамматика английского

Сослагательное наклонение

"If I were you"

hypothetical advice using past subjunctive

"If I were you, I would reconsider the offer."

Сослагательное наклонение

"I suggest that he be"

mandative subjunctive after verbs of recommendation

"The committee suggests that he be removed from the position."

Сослагательное наклонение

"It is essential that she attend"

present subjunctive after adjectives of necessity

"It is essential that she attend the hearing in person."

Сослагательное наклонение

"Were it not for"

inverted conditional replacing "if it were not for"

"Were it not for your help, we would have failed."

Сослагательное наклонение

"Had I known"

inverted past perfect conditional (third conditional)

"Had I known about the delay, I would have left earlier."

Сослагательное наклонение

"I wish I had studied"

expressing regret about the past with wish + past perfect

"I wish I had studied medicine instead of law."

Сослагательное наклонение

"as though it were"

subjunctive in comparisons with as if / as though

"He speaks as though it were the most obvious thing in the world."

Сослагательное наклонение

"lest he forget"

subjunctive after "lest" to express a feared outcome

"Write it down lest he forget the instructions."

Инверсия

"Not only did he lie"

inversion after negative adverbial "not only"

"Not only did he lie, but he also refused to apologise."

Инверсия

"Never have I seen"

inversion after negative adverb "never" for strong emphasis

"Never have I seen such dedication in a student."

Инверсия

"Rarely does she complain"

inversion after "rarely" to stress an unusual fact

"Rarely does she complain, even when exhausted."

Инверсия

"No sooner had he arrived"

inversion in correlative structure "no sooner…than"

"No sooner had he arrived than the meeting began."

Инверсия

"Little did they know"

inversion after "little" meaning "not at all"

"Little did they know that the project was already doomed."

Инверсия

"Only after the trial"

inversion when a sentence starts with "only + time expression"

"Only after the trial did the truth finally emerge."

Инверсия

"So serious was the situation"

inversion after fronted adjective phrase with "so"

"So serious was the situation that Parliament was recalled."

Инверсия

"Under no circumstances should"

inversion after negative prepositional phrase

"Under no circumstances should you sign a blank contract."

Расщеплённые предложения

"It was the data that convinced"

"it-cleft" foregrounding the subject for emphasis

"It was the data that convinced the investors, not the pitch."

Расщеплённые предложения

"What I need is more time"

"wh-cleft" (pseudo-cleft) to highlight a need or desire

"What I need is more time to revise the proposal."

Расщеплённые предложения

"All that remains is to sign"

minimising cleft with "all" to indicate a single remaining action

"All that remains is to sign the agreement and file it."

Расщеплённые предложения

"It is because she practises"

"it-cleft" foregrounding a reason with "because"

"It is because she practises every day that her accent has improved."

Расщеплённые предложения

"What surprised me most was"

pseudo-cleft highlighting an unexpected finding

"What surprised me most was the speed of their response."

Расщеплённые предложения

"It was not until midnight"

"it-cleft" with negative time clause to stress a delayed event

"It was not until midnight that the results were announced."

Расщеплённые предложения

"The one thing he regrets is"

nominal cleft focusing on a single regret or achievement

"The one thing he regrets is not travelling more in his twenties."

Расщеплённые предложения

"What the research shows is"

wh-cleft to introduce academic evidence formally

"What the research shows is that early intervention is critical."

Модальность (продвинутый уровень)

"must have been"

logical deduction about a past event (epistemic must)

"She must have been exhausted after the twelve-hour flight."

Модальность (продвинутый уровень)

"should have told"

criticism or regret about a past action not taken

"You should have told me earlier — I could have helped."

Модальность (продвинутый уровень)

"could have avoided"

unrealised past possibility, often implying missed opportunity

"We could have avoided the dispute with better communication."

Модальность (продвинутый уровень)

"might well be"

"might well" for a strong, considered possibility

"This might well be the most important decision of your career."

Модальность (продвинутый уровень)

"need not have bothered"

an action that was done but was unnecessary

"You need not have bothered cooking — we ordered takeaway."

Модальность (продвинутый уровень)

"ought to have submitted"

moral obligation in the past that was not fulfilled

"The department ought to have submitted the report by Friday."

Модальность (продвинутый уровень)

"will have finished"

future perfect expressing certainty about completion

"By the time you arrive, I will have finished the report."

Модальность (продвинутый уровень)

"would rather you didn't"

expressing a preference about someone else's action

"I would rather you didn't mention it in the meeting."

Относительные и именные придаточные

"which, as we have seen,"

non-restrictive relative clause with parenthetical aside

"The policy, which, as we have seen, has failed before, is being revived."

Относительные и именные придаточные

"whose findings suggest"

possessive relative clause referring to a person or body

"The team, whose findings suggest a link, will present next week."

Относительные и именные придаточные

"in which case"

relative clause modifying a whole proposition

"The deadline may be extended, in which case we can revise the scope."

Относительные и именные придаточные

"that which cannot be measured"

formal nominal relative clause meaning "the thing that"

"That which cannot be measured is often the most important."

Относительные и именные придаточные

"whoever wins the vote"

free relative clause acting as a noun phrase subject

"Whoever wins the vote will face enormous challenges."

Относительные и именные придаточные

"whether or not he agrees"

nominal "whether" clause as subject of a verb

"Whether or not he agrees is irrelevant to the final decision."

Относительные и именные придаточные

"the fact that it was delayed"

extraposed "that" nominal clause introduced by "the fact that"

"The fact that it was delayed raises serious questions."

Относительные и именные придаточные

"wherever the evidence leads"

free relative of place expressing open-ended commitment

"We must follow wherever the evidence leads, however uncomfortable."

Выдвижение и эмфаза

"This problem, we cannot ignore"

topicalisation of object to sentence-initial position

"This problem, we cannot ignore any longer."

Выдвижение и эмфаза

"Strange as it may seem"

fronted concessive adjective clause

"Strange as it may seem, the simpler solution was overlooked."

Выдвижение и эмфаза

"Of particular concern is"

prepositional phrase fronted to foreground an issue

"Of particular concern is the lack of transparency in the process."

Выдвижение и эмфаза

"Central to the argument is"

fronted adjective phrase for academic emphasis

"Central to the argument is the assumption that growth is linear."

Выдвижение и эмфаза

"Deeply troubling are the reports"

subject-verb inversion after fronted adjective for rhetorical weight

"Deeply troubling are the reports emerging from the field."

Выдвижение и эмфаза

"do emphasise"

auxiliary "do" added for emphatic affirmation

"We do emphasise the importance of independent verification."

Выдвижение и эмфаза

"Above all, it must be noted"

fronted adverbial "above all" to signal the key point

"Above all, it must be noted that correlation does not imply causation."

Выдвижение и эмфаза

"Precisely because of this"

fronted causal phrase for logical-emphatic cohesion

"Precisely because of this ambiguity, the law requires clarification."