Gramática Avanzada del Inglés

Modo subjuntivo

"If I were you"

hypothetical advice using past subjunctive

"If I were you, I would reconsider the offer."

Modo subjuntivo

"I suggest that he be"

mandative subjunctive after verbs of recommendation

"The committee suggests that he be removed from the position."

Modo subjuntivo

"It is essential that she attend"

present subjunctive after adjectives of necessity

"It is essential that she attend the hearing in person."

Modo subjuntivo

"Were it not for"

inverted conditional replacing "if it were not for"

"Were it not for your help, we would have failed."

Modo subjuntivo

"Had I known"

inverted past perfect conditional (third conditional)

"Had I known about the delay, I would have left earlier."

Modo subjuntivo

"I wish I had studied"

expressing regret about the past with wish + past perfect

"I wish I had studied medicine instead of law."

Modo subjuntivo

"as though it were"

subjunctive in comparisons with as if / as though

"He speaks as though it were the most obvious thing in the world."

Modo subjuntivo

"lest he forget"

subjunctive after "lest" to express a feared outcome

"Write it down lest he forget the instructions."

Inversión

"Not only did he lie"

inversion after negative adverbial "not only"

"Not only did he lie, but he also refused to apologise."

Inversión

"Never have I seen"

inversion after negative adverb "never" for strong emphasis

"Never have I seen such dedication in a student."

Inversión

"Rarely does she complain"

inversion after "rarely" to stress an unusual fact

"Rarely does she complain, even when exhausted."

Inversión

"No sooner had he arrived"

inversion in correlative structure "no sooner…than"

"No sooner had he arrived than the meeting began."

Inversión

"Little did they know"

inversion after "little" meaning "not at all"

"Little did they know that the project was already doomed."

Inversión

"Only after the trial"

inversion when a sentence starts with "only + time expression"

"Only after the trial did the truth finally emerge."

Inversión

"So serious was the situation"

inversion after fronted adjective phrase with "so"

"So serious was the situation that Parliament was recalled."

Inversión

"Under no circumstances should"

inversion after negative prepositional phrase

"Under no circumstances should you sign a blank contract."

Oraciones hendidas

"It was the data that convinced"

"it-cleft" foregrounding the subject for emphasis

"It was the data that convinced the investors, not the pitch."

Oraciones hendidas

"What I need is more time"

"wh-cleft" (pseudo-cleft) to highlight a need or desire

"What I need is more time to revise the proposal."

Oraciones hendidas

"All that remains is to sign"

minimising cleft with "all" to indicate a single remaining action

"All that remains is to sign the agreement and file it."

Oraciones hendidas

"It is because she practises"

"it-cleft" foregrounding a reason with "because"

"It is because she practises every day that her accent has improved."

Oraciones hendidas

"What surprised me most was"

pseudo-cleft highlighting an unexpected finding

"What surprised me most was the speed of their response."

Oraciones hendidas

"It was not until midnight"

"it-cleft" with negative time clause to stress a delayed event

"It was not until midnight that the results were announced."

Oraciones hendidas

"The one thing he regrets is"

nominal cleft focusing on a single regret or achievement

"The one thing he regrets is not travelling more in his twenties."

Oraciones hendidas

"What the research shows is"

wh-cleft to introduce academic evidence formally

"What the research shows is that early intervention is critical."

Modalidad avanzada

"must have been"

logical deduction about a past event (epistemic must)

"She must have been exhausted after the twelve-hour flight."

Modalidad avanzada

"should have told"

criticism or regret about a past action not taken

"You should have told me earlier — I could have helped."

Modalidad avanzada

"could have avoided"

unrealised past possibility, often implying missed opportunity

"We could have avoided the dispute with better communication."

Modalidad avanzada

"might well be"

"might well" for a strong, considered possibility

"This might well be the most important decision of your career."

Modalidad avanzada

"need not have bothered"

an action that was done but was unnecessary

"You need not have bothered cooking — we ordered takeaway."

Modalidad avanzada

"ought to have submitted"

moral obligation in the past that was not fulfilled

"The department ought to have submitted the report by Friday."

Modalidad avanzada

"will have finished"

future perfect expressing certainty about completion

"By the time you arrive, I will have finished the report."

Modalidad avanzada

"would rather you didn't"

expressing a preference about someone else's action

"I would rather you didn't mention it in the meeting."

Cláusulas relativas y nominales

"which, as we have seen,"

non-restrictive relative clause with parenthetical aside

"The policy, which, as we have seen, has failed before, is being revived."

Cláusulas relativas y nominales

"whose findings suggest"

possessive relative clause referring to a person or body

"The team, whose findings suggest a link, will present next week."

Cláusulas relativas y nominales

"in which case"

relative clause modifying a whole proposition

"The deadline may be extended, in which case we can revise the scope."

Cláusulas relativas y nominales

"that which cannot be measured"

formal nominal relative clause meaning "the thing that"

"That which cannot be measured is often the most important."

Cláusulas relativas y nominales

"whoever wins the vote"

free relative clause acting as a noun phrase subject

"Whoever wins the vote will face enormous challenges."

Cláusulas relativas y nominales

"whether or not he agrees"

nominal "whether" clause as subject of a verb

"Whether or not he agrees is irrelevant to the final decision."

Cláusulas relativas y nominales

"the fact that it was delayed"

extraposed "that" nominal clause introduced by "the fact that"

"The fact that it was delayed raises serious questions."

Cláusulas relativas y nominales

"wherever the evidence leads"

free relative of place expressing open-ended commitment

"We must follow wherever the evidence leads, however uncomfortable."

Posición frontal y énfasis

"This problem, we cannot ignore"

topicalisation of object to sentence-initial position

"This problem, we cannot ignore any longer."

Posición frontal y énfasis

"Strange as it may seem"

fronted concessive adjective clause

"Strange as it may seem, the simpler solution was overlooked."

Posición frontal y énfasis

"Of particular concern is"

prepositional phrase fronted to foreground an issue

"Of particular concern is the lack of transparency in the process."

Posición frontal y énfasis

"Central to the argument is"

fronted adjective phrase for academic emphasis

"Central to the argument is the assumption that growth is linear."

Posición frontal y énfasis

"Deeply troubling are the reports"

subject-verb inversion after fronted adjective for rhetorical weight

"Deeply troubling are the reports emerging from the field."

Posición frontal y énfasis

"do emphasise"

auxiliary "do" added for emphatic affirmation

"We do emphasise the importance of independent verification."

Posición frontal y énfasis

"Above all, it must be noted"

fronted adverbial "above all" to signal the key point

"Above all, it must be noted that correlation does not imply causation."

Posición frontal y énfasis

"Precisely because of this"

fronted causal phrase for logical-emphatic cohesion

"Precisely because of this ambiguity, the law requires clarification."