Gramática Avançada do Inglês
Vá além do básico. Esta referência cobre as estruturas gramaticais avançadas que distinguem os utilizadores competentes do inglês — os padrões que tornam os ensaios académicos, os relatórios formais e o discurso sofisticado inegavelmente fluentes.
48 structures · 6 topics
"If I were you"
hypothetical advice using past subjunctive
"If I were you, I would reconsider the offer."
"I suggest that he be"
mandative subjunctive after verbs of recommendation
"The committee suggests that he be removed from the position."
"It is essential that she attend"
present subjunctive after adjectives of necessity
"It is essential that she attend the hearing in person."
"Were it not for"
inverted conditional replacing "if it were not for"
"Were it not for your help, we would have failed."
"Had I known"
inverted past perfect conditional (third conditional)
"Had I known about the delay, I would have left earlier."
"I wish I had studied"
expressing regret about the past with wish + past perfect
"I wish I had studied medicine instead of law."
"as though it were"
subjunctive in comparisons with as if / as though
"He speaks as though it were the most obvious thing in the world."
"lest he forget"
subjunctive after "lest" to express a feared outcome
"Write it down lest he forget the instructions."
"Not only did he lie"
inversion after negative adverbial "not only"
"Not only did he lie, but he also refused to apologise."
"Never have I seen"
inversion after negative adverb "never" for strong emphasis
"Never have I seen such dedication in a student."
"Rarely does she complain"
inversion after "rarely" to stress an unusual fact
"Rarely does she complain, even when exhausted."
"No sooner had he arrived"
inversion in correlative structure "no sooner…than"
"No sooner had he arrived than the meeting began."
"Little did they know"
inversion after "little" meaning "not at all"
"Little did they know that the project was already doomed."
"Only after the trial"
inversion when a sentence starts with "only + time expression"
"Only after the trial did the truth finally emerge."
"So serious was the situation"
inversion after fronted adjective phrase with "so"
"So serious was the situation that Parliament was recalled."
"Under no circumstances should"
inversion after negative prepositional phrase
"Under no circumstances should you sign a blank contract."
"It was the data that convinced"
"it-cleft" foregrounding the subject for emphasis
"It was the data that convinced the investors, not the pitch."
"What I need is more time"
"wh-cleft" (pseudo-cleft) to highlight a need or desire
"What I need is more time to revise the proposal."
"All that remains is to sign"
minimising cleft with "all" to indicate a single remaining action
"All that remains is to sign the agreement and file it."
"It is because she practises"
"it-cleft" foregrounding a reason with "because"
"It is because she practises every day that her accent has improved."
"What surprised me most was"
pseudo-cleft highlighting an unexpected finding
"What surprised me most was the speed of their response."
"It was not until midnight"
"it-cleft" with negative time clause to stress a delayed event
"It was not until midnight that the results were announced."
"The one thing he regrets is"
nominal cleft focusing on a single regret or achievement
"The one thing he regrets is not travelling more in his twenties."
"What the research shows is"
wh-cleft to introduce academic evidence formally
"What the research shows is that early intervention is critical."
"must have been"
logical deduction about a past event (epistemic must)
"She must have been exhausted after the twelve-hour flight."
"should have told"
criticism or regret about a past action not taken
"You should have told me earlier — I could have helped."
"could have avoided"
unrealised past possibility, often implying missed opportunity
"We could have avoided the dispute with better communication."
"might well be"
"might well" for a strong, considered possibility
"This might well be the most important decision of your career."
"need not have bothered"
an action that was done but was unnecessary
"You need not have bothered cooking — we ordered takeaway."
"ought to have submitted"
moral obligation in the past that was not fulfilled
"The department ought to have submitted the report by Friday."
"will have finished"
future perfect expressing certainty about completion
"By the time you arrive, I will have finished the report."
"would rather you didn't"
expressing a preference about someone else's action
"I would rather you didn't mention it in the meeting."
"which, as we have seen,"
non-restrictive relative clause with parenthetical aside
"The policy, which, as we have seen, has failed before, is being revived."
"whose findings suggest"
possessive relative clause referring to a person or body
"The team, whose findings suggest a link, will present next week."
"in which case"
relative clause modifying a whole proposition
"The deadline may be extended, in which case we can revise the scope."
"that which cannot be measured"
formal nominal relative clause meaning "the thing that"
"That which cannot be measured is often the most important."
"whoever wins the vote"
free relative clause acting as a noun phrase subject
"Whoever wins the vote will face enormous challenges."
"whether or not he agrees"
nominal "whether" clause as subject of a verb
"Whether or not he agrees is irrelevant to the final decision."
"the fact that it was delayed"
extraposed "that" nominal clause introduced by "the fact that"
"The fact that it was delayed raises serious questions."
"wherever the evidence leads"
free relative of place expressing open-ended commitment
"We must follow wherever the evidence leads, however uncomfortable."
"This problem, we cannot ignore"
topicalisation of object to sentence-initial position
"This problem, we cannot ignore any longer."
"Strange as it may seem"
fronted concessive adjective clause
"Strange as it may seem, the simpler solution was overlooked."
"Of particular concern is"
prepositional phrase fronted to foreground an issue
"Of particular concern is the lack of transparency in the process."
"Central to the argument is"
fronted adjective phrase for academic emphasis
"Central to the argument is the assumption that growth is linear."
"Deeply troubling are the reports"
subject-verb inversion after fronted adjective for rhetorical weight
"Deeply troubling are the reports emerging from the field."
"do emphasise"
auxiliary "do" added for emphatic affirmation
"We do emphasise the importance of independent verification."
"Above all, it must be noted"
fronted adverbial "above all" to signal the key point
"Above all, it must be noted that correlation does not imply causation."
"Precisely because of this"
fronted causal phrase for logical-emphatic cohesion
"Precisely because of this ambiguity, the law requires clarification."
Perguntas frequentes
Qual é a diferença entre uma oração relativa restritiva e uma não-restritiva?
Uma oração relativa restritiva identifica exatamente de quem ou de quê se fala: "O aluno que passou recebe um certificado." Uma não-restritiva acrescenta informação extra sobre algo já identificado: "O meu irmão, que vive em Berlim, vem para a semana." As não-restritivas são sempre separadas por vírgulas e não podem usar "that".
Quando devo usar a inversão na escrita em inglês?
A inversão após advérbios negativos ou restritivos (Never, Rarely, Not only, No sooner, etc.) é padrão na prosa académica e jornalística formal. Acrescenta ênfase e variedade estilística. Evite usá-la em demasia no discurso quotidiano, onde pode soar artificial.
O que é o subjuntivo mandativo e ainda é utilizado?
O subjuntivo mandativo usa a forma base do verbo após verbos e adjetivos de recomendação ou exigência: "It is vital that the data be verified." Está bem vivo no inglês americano e é cada vez mais frequente no inglês britânico formal, soando mais autoritário do que a alternativa com "should".
Como as frases clivadas melhoram a minha escrita?
As frases clivadas ("It was X that…", "What I found was…") permitem-lhe colocar a ênfase exatamente onde deseja sem alterar a ordem das palavras de forma estranha. São excelentes na escrita académica para destacar uma causa, descoberta ou contraste específicos.
Qual é a diferença entre "must have been" e "should have been"?
"Must have been" exprime dedução lógica sobre o passado: "She must have been tired." "Should have been" exprime uma obrigação ou expectativa que não foi cumprida: "The report should have been submitted yesterday." Transmitem significados fundamentalmente distintos.
A forma mais rápida de interiorizar estas estruturas é ouvi-las em contexto autêntico.
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